Timeline of Medina

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia.

Prior to 20th century

• 6th century BCE - Yathrib settled "by three Jewish tribes, the Banu Quynuqa, the Banu Qurayza, and the Banu Nadir."[1]
• 622 CE / 0-1 H
  • Muhammad arrives from Mecca, with followers (muhajirun).[2][3]
  • Quba Mosque and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) built.[1]
  • Yathrib renamed "Medina."[4]
  • Baqi Cemetery established.
• 623 CE - Masjid al-Qiblatain (Mosque of the two Qiblas) built.
• 624 CE - Prophet's House built.[1]
• 627
  • March–April: Battle of the Trench.[5]
  • Constitution of Medina created (approximate date).[6]
• 630 - Medina and Mecca "established as the holy cities of Islam."[3]
• 632 CE / 11 H
  • 8 June: Death of Muhammad.
  • Abu Bakr appointed caliph; Rashidun Caliphate established.[3]
• 634 - Umar becomes caliph.
• 639 - Hijri year calendar devised.
• 644 - Uthman ibn Affan becomes caliph.
• 656 - Ali becomes caliph and moves capital from Medina to Kufa.[6][7]
• 661 - Umayyad Caliphate established; capital moved from Medina to Damascus.[1]
• 662 - Marwan ibn al-Hakam becomes Governor of Madina.
• 683 - Medina sacked by Umayyads.[8]
• 8th century - Sharia (Islamic law) codified in Medina.[3]
• 706 - Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz becomes Governor of Madina.
• 707 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi rebuilt.[9]
• 975 - City wall built.[6]
• 1162 - City wall expanded.[6]
• 1513 - Al-Hajjaria waqf (trust) incorporated.
• 1517 - Ottoman Turks in power.[5][10]
• 1804 - Wahhabis in power.[8][11]
• 1812 - November: Battle of Medina (1812); Turks in power.[11]
• 1837 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi dome painted green.
• 1872 - Medina becomes part of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet.
• 1896 - Telephone line installed.[12]

20th century

• 1908 - Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Medina) begins operating.[3]
• 1916 - Siege of Medina begins.
• 1919 - January: Siege of Medina ends; Arabs in power.[13]
• 1925 - Medina becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[11]
• 1937 - Italian-Muslim hospital founded.[14]
• 1953 - Baqi Cemetery expanded.[14]
• 1955 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi enlarged.[14]
• 1961 - Islamic University of Madinah established.[12][15]
• 1974
  • Mohammad Airport opens.
  • Population: 198,186.[16]
• 1985 - King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran begins operating.
• 1986 - Quba Mosque rebuilt.[1]

21st century

• 2001 - 15 March: Chechen hijacking of Russian aircraft.[3]
• 2003 - Taibah University established.
• 2006 - Hejaz Railway Museum opens.
• 2010 - Population: 1,100,093.[17]
• 2014
  • 8 February: 2014 Medina hotel fire.
  • Air pollution in Medina reaches annual mean of 65 PM2.5 and 153 PM10, much higher than recommended.[18]
• 2016 - 4 July: bombing at Prophet's Mosque.[19]

See also

• History of Medina
• Other names of Medina
• Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Mecca, Riyadh

References

1. ArchNet. "Medina". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
2. Cyril Glassé, ed. (2003). New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
3. David Lea, ed. (2001). A Political Chronology of the Middle East. Europa. ISBN 978-1-85743-115-5.
4. Ziauddin Sardar (2014). Mecca: The Sacred City. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-62040-266-5.
5. John L. Esposito (2003). "Chronology of Key Events". Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 353+. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.
6. Friedman 2000.
7. Martín 2004.
8. Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 1176, OL 6112221M
9. "Arabian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
10. Andrew Rippin, ed. (2013). Islamic World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80343-7.
11. Watson 1996.
12. Winder 1984.
13. Elie Kedourie (1977). "Surrender of Medina, January 1919". Middle Eastern Studies. 13 (1): 124–143. doi:10.1080/00263207708700339. JSTOR 4282625.
14. Bosworth 2007.
15. Jörg Matthias Determann (2013). Historiography in Saudi Arabia: Globalization and the State in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-302-4.
16. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
17. "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
18. World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva
19. "Medina explosion: Suicide bombing near Saudi holy site", BBC News, 4 July 2016

Bibliography

Published in 19th century

• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Medina", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• Josiah Conder (1830), "Medinah", Arabia, The Modern Traveller, 4, London: J.Duncan
• Richard Burton (1857), "El Medinah", Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to el Medinah and Meccah (2nd ed.), London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, OCLC 5778233
• "Medina". American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton & Company. 1879.

Published in 20th century

• "Medina", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
• Philip Khuri Hitti (1973). "Medina". Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 33+. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
• Richard Bayley Winder (1984). "Al-Madina". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. pp. 997–1007.
• Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (1987). The Foundation of the Community: Muhammad At Al-Madina A.D. 622-626/Hijrah-4 A.H. History of al-Tabari. 7. M. V. McDonald, translator; W. Montgomery Watt, annotator. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-344-6. (written in 9th/10th century)
• Andrew Petersen (1996). "Medina". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-134-61365-6.
• Noelle Watson, ed. (1996). "Medina". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 487+. ISBN 1884964036.
• Werner Ende (1997). "The Nakhāwila, a Shite Community in Medina Past and Present". Die Welt des Islams. 37 (3): 263–348. doi:10.1163/1570060972597020. JSTOR 1570656.
• Stefano Bianca (2000), "Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam - The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change", Urban Form in the Arab World, Zurich: ETH Zurich, p. 218+, ISBN 3728119725, 0500282056
• John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (2000). "Medina". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.

Published in 21st century

• Richard C. Martín (2004). "Holy Cities: Medina". Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. Granite Hill Publishers. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
• Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Medina". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
• C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Medina". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 380–395. ISBN 978-9004153882.
• Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Madinah", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, p. 237+, ISBN 9781576079195
• Harry Munt (2014). The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-99272-5.

External links