Transcreation

Transcreation is a concept used in the field of translation studies to describe the process of adapting a message from one language to another, while maintaining its intent, style, tone, and context. A successfully transcreated message evokes the same emotions and carries the same implications in the target language as it does in the source language. It is related to the concept of localization, which similarly involves comprehensively adapting a translated text for the target audience.[1] Transcreation highlights the translator's creative role.[2] Unlike many other forms of translation, transcreation also often involves adapting not only words, but video and images to the target audience.[3]

Transcreation theory was first developed in the field of literary translation, and began to be adapted for use global marketing and advertising in the early 21st century.[1] The transcreation approach is also heavily used today in the translation of video games[4] and mobile apps.[5]

The concept of transcreation emphasizes the translator's independent creative role.[2] In the context of marketing, the professional translators engaging in transcreation are often referred to as "copywriters" or "copyeditors", or alternatively as "transcreators".[6]

Background

The concept of transcreation was first developed by translators in India and Brazil in the mid-20th century.[2] In 1964, the Indian scholar Purushottama Lal wrote, regarding contemporary translations of the Sanskrit classics, that "the translator must edit, reconcile, and transmute; his job in many ways becomes largely a matter of transcreation".[1] In the Brazilian context, the term is associated with the work of Haroldo de Campos, who compared transcreation to the giving of a blood transfusion.[7]

The term is also recognized in China. In 2010, the Chinese design and advertising publication, Modern Advertising Magazine, discussed the term in an article for the first time.[8]

Examples

In popular culture, one example of the use of a strongly transcreational approach is in the United States adaptation of the Japanese anime Doraemon, in which characters and settings were dramatically modified to suit United States sensibilities.[3] For example, depictions of Japanese yen notes were replaced by United States currency, and a stand selling roasted sweet potato was replaced by a food truck selling popcorn.[3]

Similarly, the United States story of Spider-Man was transcreated for Indian audiences in Spider-Man: India, which is set in Mumbai.[9] This transcreated Spider-Man features an Indian-born Spider-Man whose “real” name is Pavitr Prabhakar. Thus, rather than battling the Green Goblin in the canyons of New York City, Prabhakar, clad in a dhoti, fights the demon Rahshasa against backdrops such as the Taj Mahal. "Unlike traditional translations of American comics, Spider-Man India will become the first-ever 'transcreation', where we reinvent the origin of a Western property," said Sharad Devarajan, the chief executive of the Gotham Entertainment Group. The goal in this case closely matched that of cross-cultural marketers: to make Spider-Man more relevant to the Indian audience, establish a deeper emotional connection with readers, and thus sell more comic books.[10]

The concept of transcreation has also been applied to other specialized fields such as technical and legal translation. For example, the creation of new technical vocabulary by specialized Icelandic translators in the mid-20th century has been retrospectively characterized as transcreation.[11] Accordingly, one author has defined transcreation as a "holistic" process of "re-interpretation of the original work suited to the readers/audience of the target language which requires the translator to come up with new conceptual, linguistic and cultural constructs to make up for the lack (or inadequacy) of existing ones."[12]

“Don’t run amok” under the picture of a stressed office worker holding a pile of urgent letters in his hand was the proposed slogan for a new super-fast fax machine at a time when fax machines were just becoming affordable. In the US, “running amok” is generally understood to be freaking out because of a series of unfortunate incidents that occurred when stress became rampant among some US postal workers at the end of the last century. The intention of the slogan was to suggest with dark humour that it was better to fax the documents than to send them by post. There would be a risk that they might arrive too late, which would have negative consequences. The slogan was never really used, as it was, in our opinion rightly, considered to be in bad taste and as there is no direct translation or there is a so-called cultural catch, countered by transcreation with "fax and relax".[13]

Purpose

As markets continue to broaden, advertisers face special challenges. To be effective, advertising must reach hearts as well as minds. Thus, the ability to transcend language and cultural boundaries is paramount to achieving an effective global marketing strategy. Not only must copy be translated correctly, but other factors must also be considered, such as culture, mores, dialects, idiom, humor, and context. Any perceived lack of respect for heritage, local values, beliefs and cultures may have a negative impact on consumers.[14] To meet these challenges, companies that market internationally are increasingly using transcreation, whether via their advertising company or with a company specializing in transcreation.

The tasks of a transcreator include establishing an emotional connection between the audience and the message, and maximizing cultural relevance.[15] Many factors may differ across cultural and linguistic boundaries and must be considered, as these differences can significantly limit the effectiveness and impact of a cross-market campaign.[16] These factors include cultural heritage, shared values, practices, and prevalent social cueing and reception thereof, including expression of emotions, gestures, body language, and facial expressions. These factors in turn influence consumers’ behavior and their reactions to advertising elements such as text, tone of voice, humor, settings, casting, and tonality.

Relationship to translation

Classically, in a schema dating from the 17th century, translation has been divided into three approaches: metaphrase (word-for-word translation), paraphrase (i.e. “say in other words”), and imitation.[17] Transcreation is thus a variation on the "imitation" or "adaptation" approach to translation.[18] Similarly, viewed in terms of the continuum between free translation and literal translation, transcreation is considered to be "closest to ‘free’ on the literal – free cline."[19]

The validity of transcreation as a distinct form of translation, however, has been questioned.[20] While the term has been widely embraced by translation brokers seeking new business, it has been greeted with considerably more skepticism by professional translators.[21]

Commercial use

In the 21st century, some translation agencies began to specifically market themselves as transcreation agencies.[2][22] Transcreation allows local marketers to take the essence of a global advertising message and tailor it to their market. Thus, a global advertising campaign subjected to transcreation becomes more supple, while still adhering to an overall global strategy.[23]

Accordingly, the rise of transcreation has paralleled the growth in international marketing campaigns. In 1960, international billings accounted for 6% of the gross revenues of the top ten U.S. advertising agencies. By 1991, that share had climbed to 60%, and it has been rising ever since,[24] in line with the “think global; act local” principle.[25][26]

See also

Works cited
  • Bernal-Merino, Miguel Á. (2014). Translation and Localisation in Video Games: Making Entertainment Software Global. Routledge. ISBN 9781317617846.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Chaume, Frederic (2016). "Audiovisual Translation Trends: Growing Diversity, Choice and Enhanced Localization". In Esser, Andrea (ed.). Media Across Borders: Localising TV, Film and Video Games. ISBN 9781317610786.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gaballo, Viviana (2012). "Exploring the Boundaries of Transcreation in Specialized Translation" (PDF). ESP Across Cultures. 9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • O'Hagan, Minako; Mangiron, Carmen (2013). Game Localization: Translating for the global digital entertainment industry. John Benjamins. ISBN 9789027271860.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Pedersen, Daniel (2019). "Managing Transcreation Projects: An Ethnographic Study". Translation Practice in the Field: Current research on socio-cognitive processes. John Benjamins. ISBN 9789027262196.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Roturier, Johann (2015). Localizing Apps: A practical guide for translators and translation students. ISBN 9781317621676.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ruskin, George (2020). What is Transcreation?. From Berlin Translate.
  • St-Pierre, David (2016). "Theory and Practice: Translation in India". Unity in Diversity: Current Trends in Translation Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9781134960422.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

References
  1. Pedersen 2019, p. 44.
  2. O'Hagan 2013, p. 196.
  3. Chaume 2016.
  4. O'Hagan 2013, p. 191.
  5. Roturier 2015, p. 174.
  6. Pedersen 2019, p. 50.
  7. O'Hagan 2013, p. 107, 199.
  8. "Textappeal: The Advantage of Talents". Modern Advertising: 20–21. August 2010. Translated article
  9. Bernal-Merino 2014, p. 90.
  10. Van Gelder, Lawrence (5 July 2004). "Arts Briefing". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  11. Gaballo 2012, p. 105.
  12. Gaballo 2012, p. 111.
  13. George (2020-11-23). "What is Transcreation? - London Translate - Translation Services - Blog". London Translate. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  14. Polak, Elliot; Cuttita, Frank (March 2006). "Global Marketing Disasters and Recoveries". Admap (470): 36–38.
  15. Kates, Steven M.; Goh, Charlene (2003). "Brand Morphing: Implications for Advertising Theory and Practice". Journal of Advertising. 32 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1080/00913367.2003.10639049. ISSN 0091-3367. JSTOR 4622150.
  16. Griffith, David A.; Chandra, Aruna; Ryans Jr., John K. (2003). "Examining the Intricacies of Promotion Standardization: Factors Influencing Advertising Message and Packaging". Journal of International Marketing. 11 (3): 30–47. doi:10.1509/jimk.11.3.30.20160. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  17. Hopkins, David (2014). "Dryden as Translator". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.10.
  18. St-Pierre 2016, p. 83.
  19. Gaballo 2012, p. 96 n.1.
  20. Bernal-Merino 2014, p. 91.
  21. Gaballo 2012, p. 95.
  22. Pedersen 2019, p. 45.
  23. George (2020-11-23). "What is Transcreation? - London Translate - Translation Services - Blog". London Translate. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  24. Ducoffe, Robert, and Andreas Grein. 1998. “Strategic Responses to market globalization among advertising agencies”. International Journal of Advertising 17 (3). 301–319.
  25. Harris, Greg (1994). "International Advertising Standardization: What Do the Multinationals Actually Standardize?". Journal of International Marketing. 2 (4): 13–30. ISSN 1069-031X. JSTOR 25048564.
  26. Vrontis, Dmetris; Thrassou, Alkis (2007). "Adaptation vs. Standardisation in International Marketing- The Country-of-origin Effect". Journal of Innovative Marketing. 3 (4): 7–21. ISSN 1814-2427. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
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