Treaties of Tilsit

The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. The second was signed with Prussia on 9 July. The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armée had captured Berlin and pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm. In Tilsit, he ceded about half of his pre-war territories.[1][2][3]

Not to be confused with Act of Tilsit.
Meeting of the two emperors in a pavilion set up on a raft in the middle of the Neman River.

From those territories, Napoleon had created French sister republics, which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig; the other ceded territories were awarded to existing French client states and to Russia.

Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, the United Kingdom and Sweden, triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish War. Tilsit also freed French forces for the Peninsular War. Central Europe became a battlefield again in 1809 when Austria and the UK engaged France in the War of the Fifth Coalition. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the Congress of Vienna would restore many Prussian territories.

Franco-Russian treaty (7 July)
A French medallion dating from the post-Tilsit period. It shows the French and Russian emperors embracing each other.

The treaty ended the war between Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless. The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the Ottoman Empire while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire. Napoleon also convinced Alexander to enter into the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden to force Sweden to join the Continental System. More specifically, the Tsar agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812. The Ionian Islands and Cattaro (Kotor), which had been captured by Russian admirals Ushakov and Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Tsar's German relatives.

Franco-Prussian treaty (9 July)
Napoleon, Alexander I of Russia, Queen Louise of Prussia, and Frederick William III in Tilsit, 1807. Painted by Nicolas Gosse, c. 1900

The treaty with Prussia stripped the country of about half its territory: Cottbus passed to Saxony, the left bank of the Elbe was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia, Białystok was given to Russia (which led to the creation of the Belostok Oblast), and most of the Polish lands in Prussian possession since the Second and Third Partitions became the quasi-independent Duchy of Warsaw. Prussia was to reduce the army to 43,000[4] and on 9 March 1808, France fixed its tribute to be levied from Prussia at 154,500,000 francs (= Prussian dollar 41.73 mio.),[5] deducting 53,500,000, which had been raised so far during the ongoing French occupation. The sum was lowered in two steps to 120 million francs by 1 November 1808.

Talleyrand had advised Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. Until 1812, the French occupants requisitioned in money and kind from various corporations and persons, especially by billetting soldiers on cities, further contributions additionally amounting to between 146 and 309 million francs, according to different calculations.[5] The Prussian government indebtedness soared between 1806 and 1815 by thaler 200 million to altogether 180.09 million interest-bearing debts, 11.24 million non-interest-bearing unconsolidated treasury notes and another 25.9 million former provincial debts assumed by the royal government.[6] The cities' debts, especially those of Berlin often billetted on, were not assumed by the Prussian government. Since the creditors deemed Prussia to be over-indebted in 1817, the 4-per cent state bonds were traded at the bourses with a disagio of 27 to 29 percent, in 1818 even with a discountor of 35 percent, causing the effective interest to rise to 6.15 percent.[7] At restructuring part of the debts in 1818 by a £5 million loan (= thaler 30 million) at 5% at the London financial market, the Prussian government had to accept a disagio of 28⅓%, thus paying an annual effective rate of 6.98%.[7]

When the Treaty was being formulated, it was noted by an observer that the Prussian king was pacing on the bank of the Neman river; Napoleon had to "but raise his hand, and Prussia would cease to exist" (McKay). Hence, many observers in Prussia and Russia viewed the treaty as unequal and as a national humiliation. The Russian soldiers refused to follow Napoleon's commands, as the Lisbon Incident demonstrated to all Europe. Napoleon's plans to marry the tsar's sister were stymied by Russian royalty. Cooperation between Russia and France eventually broke down in 1810 when the tsar began to allow neutral ships to land in Russian ports. In 1812, Napoleon crossed the Neman river and invaded Russia, ending any vestige of alliance.

Territorial and population losses suffered by Prussia
Prussia in 1807 (orange) and its territories lost at Tilsit (other colours).

The Prussian state was diminished by nearly half under the terms of the treaty of Tilsit from 5,700 Prussian square miles to 2,800 (323,408.4 to 158,867.28 km2 (124,868.68 to 61,339.00 sq mi)).[5] Instead of 9.75 million inhabitants, no more than 4.5 million remained within the new boundaries of Prussia.[5] The state revenue, which formerly amounted to forty million dollars per annum, was decreased in a still greater proportion; since the ceded provinces were quite rich and fertile and on whose improvement many millions had been expended. Almost all that Prussia had gained by the partitions of Poland (1772–1795) was taken from it. Saxony, a former confederate of Prussia, was the recipient of the provinces; and Russia, the more powerful of its erstwhile allies, gained territory with a population of 200,000. The following is a tabulation of the territorial and population losses that Prussia suffered (without the Prussian acquisitions since 1772) under the terms of Tilsit treaty:[8]

Westphalian possessions[lower-alpha 1]Prussian sq. milesInhabitants
County of Mark, with Essen, Werden, and Lippstadt,51 =2,893.65 km2 (1,117.24 sq mi)148,000
Principality of Minden,18.5 =1,049.66 km2 (405.28 sq mi)70,363
County of Ravensberg,16.5 =936.18 km2 (361.46 sq mi)89,938
Lingen and Tecklenburg,13 =737.6 km2 (284.8 sq mi)46,000
Cleve, on the eastern side of the Rhine,20.5 =1,163.14 km2 (449.09 sq mi)54,000
Principality of East Frisia,56.5 =3,205.71 km2 (1,237.73 sq mi)119,500
Principality of Münster,49 =2,718.18 km2 (1,049.50 sq mi)127,000
Principality of Paderborn,30 =1,702.15 km2 (657.20 sq mi)98,500
Lower Saxon possessionsPrussian sq. milesInhabitants
Magdeburg, with that part of the duchy on the left bank of the Elbe, Halle, &c.54 =3,063.87 km2 (1,182.97 sq mi)160,000
County of Mansfeld,1.0 =56.74 km2 (21.91 sq mi)27,000
Principality of Halberstadt,26.5 =1,503.57 km2 (580.53 sq mi)101,000
County of Hohenstein,8.5 =482.28 km2 (186.21 sq mi)27,000
Territory of Quedlinburg,1.5 =85.11 km2 (32.86 sq mi)13,400
Principality of Hildesheim and Goslar.40 =2,269.53 km2 (876.27 sq mi)114,000

Notes
  1. Some of the Westphalian possessions had been ceded earlier, and no compensation was paid for these losses under the terms of the treaty of Tilsit.

References
  1. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon: From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799-1807 (1969).
  2. Dominic Lieven, Russia against Napoleon: the battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814 (Penguin UK, 2009).
  3. Hubert Zawadzki, "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807." Central Europe 7.2 (2009): 110-124.
  4. The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 2, 620.
  5. Georg Sydow, Theorie und Praxis in der Entwicklung der französischen Staatsschuld seit dem Jahre 1870, Jena: Fischer, 1903, p. 49.
  6. Herbert Krafft, Immer ging es um Geld: Einhundertfünfzig Jahre Sparkasse Berlin, Berlin: Sparkasse der Stadt Berlin West, 1968, p. 10.
  7. Herbert Krafft, Immer ging es um Geld: Einhundertfünfzig Jahre Sparkasse Berlin, Berlin: Sparkasse der Stadt Berlin West, 1968, p. 9.
  8. The New annual register, or General repository of history, politics, and literature: To which is prefixed, the History of Knowledge ..., Published by Printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, Pater-noster-Row., 1808. p. 276. See the footnote

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