Tulasnellaceae

The Tulasnellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family comprises mainly effused (patch-forming) fungi formerly referred to the "jelly fungi" or heterobasidiomycetes. Species are wood- or litter-rotting saprotrophs, but many are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids and some have also been thought to form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants.

Tulasnellaceae
Tulasnella violea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Cantharellales
Family:
Tulasnellaceae

Juel
Type genus
Tulasnella
Genera

Epulorhiza (anamorph)
Stilbotulasnella
Tulasnella

Taxonomy

History

The family was described in 1897 by the Swedish botanist and mycologist Hans Oscar Juel to accommodate species of fungi producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having distinctive basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata. He included two genera: Tulasnella itself and the poroid genus Muciporus (the latter subsequently found to be no more than Tulasnella species growing over the surface of old polypores).[1] In 1900, the French mycologist Narcisse Patouillard included the Tulasnellaceae within the heterobasidiomycetes or "jelly fungi"[2] and in 1922 British mycologist Carleton Rea placed the family in its own order, the Tulasnellales, within the heterobasidiomycetes.[3]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed the Tulasnellaceae as distinct, but has placed the family within the Cantharellales, close to the Ceratobasidiaceae.[4] A standard 2008 reference work estimated that the family contains three genera and over 50 species.[5]

Description

All but one of the species within the family form smooth, effused, corticioid basidiocarps that are distinguished microscopically by their distinctive "tulasnelloid" basidia. The monotypic genus Stilbotulasnella forms basidiocarps with similar basidia, but with an erect, "stilboid" anamorph. The latter genus has not been sequenced, but was originally described as belonging within the Tulasnellaceae.[6]

Habitat and distribution

Basidiocarps of the Tulasnellaceae are typically found in woodland, on the underside of fallen wood or in leaf litter. They are believed to be soil fungi and many species have also been isolated from the roots of terrestrial[7] and epiphytic orchids.[8] They may also form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants.[9] Their distribution is cosmopolitan.

References
  1. Juel HO. (1897). "Muciporus und die Familie der Tulasnellaceen". Bihefte till Kungliga svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger. 23 (3, part 12): 1–27.
  2. Patouillard N. (1900). Essai taxonomique sur les familles et les genres des Hyménomycètes. Lons-le-Saunier: L. Declume.
  3. Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae. A handbook of the larger British fungi. Cambridge University Press.
  4. Moncalvo J-M; et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia. 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-12-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA, eds. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, Oxford: CABI.
  6. Bandoni RJ, Oberwinkler F (1982). "Stilbotulasnella: a new genus in the Tulasnellaceae". Canadian Journal of Botany. 60: 1875–1879. doi:10.1139/b82-234.
  7. Rasmussen HN. (2002). "Recent developments in the study of orchid mycorrhiza". Plant and Soil. 244: 149–163. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1284-2_15.
  8. Suárez JP, et al. (2006). "Diverse tulasnelloid fungi form mycorrhizas with epiphytic orchids in an Andean cloud forest". Mycological Research. 110: 1257–1270. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.004. PMID 17081740.
  9. Bidartondo MI, et al. (2003). "Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270: 835–842. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2299. PMC 1691308. PMID 12737662.
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