Tunnell's theorem
In number theory, Tunnell's theorem gives a partial resolution to the congruent number problem, and under the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, a full resolution.
Congruent number problem
The congruent number problem asks which positive integers can be the area of a right triangle with all three sides rational. Tunnell's theorem relates this to the number of integral solutions of a few fairly simple Diophantine equations.
Theorem
For a given square-free integer n, define
Tunnell's theorem states that supposing n is a congruent number, if n is odd then 2An = Bn and if n is even then 2Cn = Dn. Conversely, if the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture holds true for elliptic curves of the form , these equalities are sufficient to conclude that n is a congruent number.
History
The theorem is named for Jerrold B. Tunnell, a number theorist at Rutgers University, who proved it in Tunnell (1983).
Importance
The importance of Tunnell's theorem is that the criterion it gives is testable by a finite calculation. For instance, for a given n, the numbers An,Bn,Cn,Dn can be calculated by exhaustively searching through x,y,z in the range .
References
- Koblitz, Neal (2012), Introduction to Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (Book 97) (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-1-4612-6942-7
- Tunnell, Jerrold B. (1983), "A classical Diophantine problem and modular forms of weight 3/2", Inventiones Mathematicae, 72 (2): 323–334, doi:10.1007/BF01389327, hdl:10338.dmlcz/137483