Twilight Struggle

Twilight Struggle: The Cold War, 1945–1989 is a board game for two players, published by GMT Games in 2005. Players are the United States and Soviet Union contesting each other's influence on the world map by using cards that correspond to historical events. The first game designed by Ananda Gupta and Jason Matthews, they intended it to be a quick-playing alternative to more complex card-driven wargames.

Twilight Struggle
The Cold War, 1945–1989
First edition box art
Designer(s)Ananda Gupta
Jason Matthews
Illustrator(s)Viktor Csete
Rodger B. MacGowan
Guillaume Ries
Mark Simonitch
Publisher(s)GMT Games
Publication date2005 (2005)
Genre(s)Wargame
Players2
Setup time5–15 minutes
Playing time3 hours
Random chanceMedium (dice, cards)
Skill(s) requiredStrategy
Card management

It achieved critical acclaim for its well-integrated theme, accessibility and introduction of Eurogame elements. After being voted the number one game on BoardGameGeek from December 2010 to January 2016, it has been called "the best board game on the planet".[1] Twilight Struggle is played competitively and was unofficially adapted for play-by-email and live online play. GMT released a Deluxe Edition in 2009, as well as a Collector's Edition as part of the crowdfunding campaign for the game's official adaptation into a video game; this Digital Edition was released in 2016. With over 100,000 copies sold, the game is GMT's all-time best-seller.[2]

Gameplay overview
Detail of adjacent countries in Europe and the Middle East. Net influence greater than a country's stability number delivers control for that side. Influence counters flipped to the colored side indicate control.

According to its designers, "Twilight Struggle basically accepts all of the internal logic of the Cold War as true—even those parts of it that are demonstrably false."[3] The game board thus presents a map of a bipolar world according to domino theory, where the US and USSR spread influence to all other countries (except China, which is shown as a powerful card, which must be handed to the other player if used, representing China tilting from one bloc to the other), and attempt to establish control depending on the stability of a country. One scholarly analysis proposed that "[w]hile Twilight Struggle is at its core an area control game, what set its apart from being marked as a Risk clone is the combined effect of material aesthetics and design mechanics meant to embrace a particular point of view tied to the Cold War zeitgeist."[4]

Gameplay is divided into ten turns. Each turn players randomly draw a hand of event cards from a single deck. The starting deck contains only early war cards, with historically appropriate mid war and late war events shuffled in on turns 4 and 8 (for a total of 103 cards in the first edition). Players both use a card in the turn's headline phase (in which each player must play a card for its event) and six to eight action rounds.

Operations and events

Cards have operations point values that let a player take one of three actions on the board: to place influence markers in or adjacent to countries where he already has influence; to attempt realignment to remove enemy influence, with bonuses depending on existing influence; or to attempt a coup that can reduce an opponent's influence and increase his own influence in a single country. Realignment and coup attempts partially rely on dice rolls to succeed.

If a card's event is associated with that player, or neutral, the player must choose either to conduct operations or get the beneficial effect of the event. However, if a player conducts operations using a card with an opponent's event, the event occurs as well. For example, the US player can use two operations points from playing the Soviet event "Fidel", at the expense of its effect: "Remove all US Influence in Cuba. USSR gains sufficient Influence in Cuba for Control." A further option, allowed once per turn, is to expend a card attempting to advance in the Space Race, avoiding triggering that card's event. Strategy requires players to anticipate reactions to what their opponent might play.[4]

Scoring and victory

Regional scoring cards award victory points to both players based on their respective level of influence—presence, domination or control—in that region when the card is played. The regions have unequal values: domination of Central America is worth three VP but domination of Asia is worth seven. Normally players will hold one card per turn into the next, but scoring cards may not be held.

Player actions are constrained by the DEFCON and required military operations tracks. A coup attempt on one of the battleground countries reduces DEFCON by one each time, restricting the regions where coups and realignments may be attempted. If DEFCON 1 is reached during a player's action round, that player is deemed to cause a nuclear war and loses immediately. Each turn, however, players will also lose victory points if they do not conduct military operations (coup attempts or playing war events) at least equal to the DEFCON level.

Victory points are gained or lost on a shared one-dimensional track, and a player who reaches 20 VP in his favor wins immediately. Control of Europe when its scoring card is played also awards an early victory. If neither player has won by the end of turn 10, a final scoring occurs in which each region is scored at once.

According to an analysis of the game's design, "In some respects, Twilight Struggle resembles a modern-style Eurogame more than a wargame", in that the game offers multiple paths to score and win. It summarized the game play thus: "Rules and limited strategic choices governing Event triggers combine to ensure a roughly-accurate historical experience; within this framework of bad and suboptimal choices, one player will eventually squeak out a victory."[5]

Development
Many event cards are decorated with historic photographs, such as this image of Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan for "The Reformer", a USSR event.
Other cards use colored illustrations, like the flag of NATO for the "NATO" US event.

Wargaming hobbyists Jason Matthews and Ananda Gupta met in 1998 at a board gaming club at George Washington University.[6] They hoped to take advantage of a resurgence in wargaming led by card-driven games, but wanted a quick-playing game to fit their own schedule—more in the vein of We the People and Hannibal: Rome vs. Carthage than the likes of Paths of Glory. They rejected a Spanish Civil War theme after realizing they did not know enough about the period. Gupta suggested the Cold War theme, which fit well for Matthews, who had studied it extensively when majoring in international relations in the 1980s.[3] According to Matthews, the Cold War had not been depicted in a two-player board game before.[7]

Design drew on many other games. The influence-based scoring system derived from History of the World, and scoring cards from the work of Alan Moon. Using game mechanics to incentivize historical behavior came from experience with For the People. The futility of nuclear war, and its relation to conventional military operations, came from the video game Balance of Power as well as Supremacy.[5] Twilight Struggle takes its title from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address.[8] Early versions were more complex and simulation-like, but through playtesting eventually almost every mechanic was abstracted and the event deck made much smaller: "Many clever and interesting ideas were discarded as being contrary to the fundamental guiding principles of the game – fast play, simple rules, and getting a lot of gameplay value out of the cards."[9]

By the summer of 2000, Matthews and Gupta were promoting a prototype at the World Boardgaming Championships. Their first choice of publisher was GMT Games, where Gupta had had a playtesting job. GMT founder Gene Billingsley immediately felt drawn to the theme but had doubts about the game's marketability, and placed it on the company's Project 500 list—it would be published if it achieved 500 preorders. The game ultimately shipped in December 2005 with a retail price of $57.[10][6]

Later editions

Matthews subsequently wrote a set of optional rules to simulate the Chinese Civil War,[11] and Volko Ruhnke developed a scenario starting in the late war era.[12] Both were included with the Deluxe Edition in 2009, in addition to new map art, event text revisions and a set of optional cards.[13]

Following a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter, Twilight Struggle Digital Edition was released in 2016. Developed by Playdek and published by Asmodee Digital, this paid version allows play against a computer in addition to another player. It was released for Windows, macOS, iOS and Android;[14][15] the campaign had also promised a Linux edition.[16]

In addition to a Collector's Edition made with luxury materials, potential bonuses with Digital Edition preorders were a set of new cards and the Turn Zero mini-expansion, which adds an earlier starting point. GMT made a reprint of the new cards and expansion available for general purchase.[17]

Reception

Initial reviews were positive but sales were not as successful. However, when Alan Moon, an influential designer of Eurogames, endorsed the game the first printing sold out quickly.[6] According to one account, "Twilight Struggle came out the same weekend as the Boardgame Players Association's Winter Activation Meeting ... Though it was not an event on the schedule, Twilight Struggle was the talk of the show ... At PrezCon a month later, the dealer sold out in the first few minutes he was open."[18]

Jon Waddington for Gamers Alliance Report was positive but noted problems with unclear card and rule book texts (in the first edition). "I cannot quite give Twilight Struggle an unqualified recommendation, and yet I consider it one of the best games I've played in the last few years."[19] Rating the game 93%, Armchair General reviewer Kaarin Engelmann pointed out that "One of its strengths is that few other games deal with the subject, yet it is not important to remember pre-Glasnost years to enjoy the game."[18] Game designer Zev Shlasinger commented: "Twilight Struggle gives you a compact history lesson about the Cold War ... Coupled with that is the game's accessibility and the design's cleverness, all of which make Twilight Struggle stand out among the crowd of recent political wargame releases."[20]

Users voted Twilight Struggle the highest-ranked game on BoardGameGeek from December 2010 until it was unseated by Pandemic Legacy in January 2016.[21] This led later commentators like FiveThirtyEight's Oliver Roeder to call it "the best board game on the planet";[1] Vice Motherboard's Michael Gaynor called it "the best board game ever created".[14] It became GMT Games' all-time best-seller, with lifetime sales of approximately 100,000 copies as of July 2016.[2]

Awards
  • 2005 – Charles S. Roberts Award for Best Modern Era Boardgame and James F. Dunnigan Award (to Gupta and Matthews)[22]
  • 2005 – Nominated for Origins Award for Historical Boardgame of the Year[23]
  • 2006 – International Gamers Award for Best 2-Player Strategy Game and Best Historical Simulation Game, the first game to win two IGAs.[24]
  • 2006 – BoardGameGeek Golden Geek Award for Best Wargame and Best 2-Player Board Game[25]
  • 2006 – Nominated for the Diana Jones Award for Excellence in Gaming[26]
  • 2007 – Nominated by Games magazine for Best Historical Simulation[27]
  • 2011 – Lucca Comics & Games Best of Show in Boardgame for Experts (for Italian edition by Asterion Press)[28]
  • 2012 – Ludoteca Ideale winner (Italian edition)[29]
  • 2012 – Gra Roku nominee (for Polish edition by Bard Centrum Gier)[30]

Competitive and online play

Twilight Struggle has been played annually at the World Boardgaming Championships since 2006, and was the event's most popular card-driven wargame tournament for the first four years,[31] peaking at 70 players.[32] The original rule book included the tournament rule of revealing held cards at the end of a turn, to prevent cheating by holding a score card. The Deluxe Edition rule book includes an annotated "Extended Example of Play" taken from a Boardgame Players Association play-by-email tournament. The Collector's Edition rule book provides for tournament players to bid starting influence on their preferred side.

Play can be assisted by unofficial software tools like the Automated Card Tracking System[33] and Cyberboard Gamebox[34] (for play-by-email), or the TwiStrug virtual board.[35] Adaptations for live online play include a module for the open-source Vassal Engine[36] and Internet Twilight Struggle,[37] which predate the official Digital Edition. GMT Games allows personal, non-commercial use of electronic adaptations if at least one player owns the board game.[34][36]

Influence

Jason Matthews reused mechanics of Twilight Struggle in several games. For example, in 1960: The Making of the President, the countries are replaced by states, and victory points are replaced by electoral votes deciding the 1960 United States presidential election. Similar adaptations are Campaign Manager 2008, 1989: Dawn of Freedom and Founding Fathers.[5] Volko Ruhnke used it as the "starting point" for the mechanics of Labyrinth: "What would Twilight Struggle look like if it were covering 2004 to 2009?"[38]

Matthews and Gupta next collaborated on Imperial Struggle: The Global Rivalry Between Britain and France, 1697–1789. Gupta characterized Twilight Struggle as an "older cousin" to Imperial Struggle.[39]

See also

References
  1. Roeder, Oliver (December 31, 2014). "Designing The Best Board Game On The Planet". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved July 7, 2019. With prototype map.
  2. Billingsley, Gene (July 20, 2016). "GMT Games: State of the Union (Summer 2016)". Inside GMT.
  3. Matthews, Jason; Gupta, Gupta (2009). "Designer's Notes". Twilight Struggle: The Cold War, 1945–1989, Deluxe Edition Rule Book (PDF). Hanford, California: GMT Games. p. 31.
  4. Antley, Jeremy (2016). "Struggling with Deep Play: Utilizing Twilight Struggle for Historical Inquiry". In Harrigan, Pat; Kirschenbaum, Matthew G. (eds.). Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming. pp. 463–470.
  5. Harrigan, Pat; Wardrip-Fruin, Noah. "Twilight Struggle and Card-Driven Historicity". In Costikyan, Greg; Davidson, Drew (eds.). Tabletop: Analog Game Design. n.p.: ETC Press. pp. 158–166. doi:10.1184/R1/6686933.
  6. Gaynor, Michael J. (July 17, 2018). "They created maybe the best board game ever. Now, Putin is making it relevant again". The Washington Post Magazine. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  7. Ligabue, Andrea (June 13, 2016). "The Art of Design: Interviews to Game Designers #26 – Jason Matthews". Opinionated Gamers. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
  8. "Now the trumpet summons us again—not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are—but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, 'rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation'—a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself." "Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy". Avalon Project. January 20, 1961. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  9. Gupta, Ananda (2006). "Twilight At Last: Inside the Design of Twilight Struggle". C3i Magazine. No. 18.
  10. "Twilight Struggle" (PDF). Inside GMT. Winter 2005. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2005.
  11. Matthews, Jason (2008). "Let a Thousand Variants Bloom: The Evolution of the Chinese Civil War and the Long, Twilight Struggle". C3i Magazine. No. 21.
  12. Volko, Ruhnke (2007). "A Short Scenario for Twilight Struggle". C3i Magazine. No. 19.
  13. Wray, Chris (April 26, 2017). "Twilight Struggle Collector's Edition (Photos and Game History by Chris Wray)". Opinionated Gamers. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  14. Gaynor, Michael. "The Best Board Game Ever Created Is Finally Available on Steam". Motherboard. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  15. Hall, Charlie (April 14, 2014). "One of the best board games ever made is now live on Steam". Polygon. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  16. GMT Games. "Twilight Struggle Digital Edition". Kickstarter. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  17. "Twilight Struggle Turn Zero and Promo Packs, 2nd Printing". GMT Games. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  18. Engelmann, Kaarin (March 14, 2006). "Twilight Struggle – Boardgame Review". Armchair General. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  19. Waddington, Jon (Spring 2006). "Twilight Struggle". Gamers Alliance Report. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  20. Shlasinger, Zev (2007). "Twilight Struggle". In Lowder, James (ed.). Hobby Games: The 100 Best. Green Ronin Publishing. pp. 335–337. ISBN 978-1-932442-96-0.
  21. Wray, Chris (January 1, 2016). "Congratulations to Pandemic Legacy, BGG's new #1 game…". Opinionated Gamers. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  22. "Charles S. Roberts Award Winners (2005)". CSR Awards. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010.
  23. "Historical Board Game of the Year". Origins International Game Expo 2006. Game Manufacturers Association. Archived from the original on June 17, 2006.
  24. Arneson, Erik. "Best Boardgames of 2006". About. Archived from the original on January 25, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  25. "2006 Golden Geek Awards". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  26. "The Diana Jones Award 2006". Diana Jones Award. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  27. O'Hara, Walt (December 2006). McCallion, John J. (ed.). "2007 Buyer's Guide to Games – The Traditional Games 100: Historical Simulation – Twilight Struggle". Games Magazine. p. 48.
  28. "Best of Show: i vincitori". Lucca Comics & Games 2011 (in Italian). Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  29. "2012". Ludoteca Ideale (in Italian). Archived from the original on August 19, 2014.
  30. "Edycja 2012". Konkursu Planszowa Gra Roku (in Polish). Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  31. "Twilight Struggle: 2009 WBC Report". Boardgame Players Association. November 30, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  32. "Twilight Struggle (TWS) Event History & Laurels". Boardgame Players Association. October 20, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  33. "Twilight Struggle". Automated Card Tracking System. Warhorse Simulations. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  34. "GMT Cyberboard Gameboxes". GMT Games. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  35. Trill, Jason. "Virtual Twilight Struggle board". TwiStrug. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  36. "GMT VASSAL Modules". GMT Games. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  37. Wigdor, Bruce. "Wargameroom Downloads". Wargameroom. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  38. Owen, Duffy (August 3, 2017). "An Interview with Volko Ruhnke on Labyrinth". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  39. Gupta, Ananda (January 5, 2018). "A Struggle Anew: Imperial Struggle and Its Older Cousin". Inside GMT. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
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