Unipolar brush cell

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are a class of excitatory glutamatergic interneuron found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and also in the granule cell domain of the cochlear nucleus.[1][2]

Unipolar brush cell
Basic structure of the unipolar brush cell.
Details
LocationCerebellum
ShapeRound body with single short dendrite "brush"
FunctionExcitatory interneuron
NeurotransmitterGlutamate
Presynaptic connectionsVestibular ganglia and nuclei
Postsynaptic connectionsGranular layer
Identifiers
NeuroLex IDnifext_132
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Structure

The UBC has a round or oval cell body with usually a single short dendrite that ends in a brush-like tuft of short dendrioles (dendrites unique to UBCs). These brush dendrioles form very large synaptic junctions. The dendritic brush and the large endings of the axonal branches are involved in the formation of cerebellar glomeruli. The UBC has one short dendrite where the granule cell has four or five.

The brush dendrioles emit numerous, thin evaginations called filopodia, unique to UBCs. The filopodia emanate from all over the neuron, even including the dendritic stem and the cell body in some cells. Although UBC filopodia do not bear synaptic junctions, they are nevertheless involved in cell signaling.[3]

Function

UBCs are intrinsically firing neurons and considered as a class of excitatory “local circuit neurons”.[4] They work together with vestibular fibres to integrate signals involving the orientation of the head that modulates reflex behaviour.[5] UBCs function to amplify inputs from the vestibular ganglia and nuclei by spreading and prolonging excitation within the granular layer.[1][6] They receive glutamatergic inputs on its dendritic brush from a single mossy fibre terminal in the form of a giant glutamatergic synapse and make glutamatergic synapses with granule cells and other UBCs.

Location

UBCs are plentiful in those regions linked to vestibular functions. In mammals, UBCs show an uneven distribution within the granule cell domains of the hindbrain, being the most dense in the vermis, part of the flocculus/paraflocculus complex, and layers 2–4 of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.[4] In the rat cerebellum, UBCs outnumber Golgi cells by a factor of 3 and approximately equal the number of Purkinje cells. Like other glutamatergic cells of the cerebellum, UBCs originate in the rhombic lip.[7]

History

UBCs were first described in 1977 by Altman and Bayer, who called them "pale cells".[8] The term "unipolar brush cell" was first introduced in the early 1990s, reclassifying pale cells, Rat-302 cells, monodendritic cells, chestnut cells and mitt cells under the same name. The Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT), which is a subcommittee of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA), officially recognized the “unipolar brush cell” as a new cell type of the cerebellar cortex in 2008.[4]

Pathological significance

UBCs situated in cerebellar lobule VII are affected in some cases of Pick's disease, where they develop cytoskeletal anomalies and are recognized by antibodies to abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins.[9] UBCs have also been implicated in the dysfunction of balance and motor coordination present in Down syndrome.[10]

References
  1. Englund, C. (2006). "Unipolar Brush Cells of the Cerebellum Are Produced in the Rhombic Lip and Migrate through Developing White Matter". Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (36): 9184–9195. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1610-06.2006. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6674506. PMID 16957075.
  2. Diño, M.R; Schuerger, R.J; Liu, Y.-B; Slater, N.T; Mugnaini, E (2000). "Unipolar brush cell: a potential feedforward excitatory interneuron of the cerebellum". Neuroscience. 98 (4): 625–636. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.679. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00123-8. ISSN 0306-4522. PMID 10891606.
  3. Jaarsma, D; Diño, MR; Ohishi, H; Shigemoto, R; Mugnaini, E (1998). "Metabotropic glutamate receptors are associated with non-synaptic appendages of unipolar brush cells in rat cerebellar cortex and cochlear nuclear complex". J Neurocytol. 27 (5): 303–27. doi:10.1023/A:1006982023657. PMID 9923978.
  4. Mugnaini, E; Sekerková, G; Martina, M (2011). "The unipolar brush cell: a remarkable neuron finally receiving deserved attention". Brain Res Rev. 66 (1–2): 220–45. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.10.001. PMC 3030675. PMID 20937306.
  5. Harris J, Moreno S, Shaw G, Mugnaini E (December 1993). "Unusual neurofilament composition in cerebellar unipolar brush neurons". Journal of Neurocytology. 22 (12): 1039–59. doi:10.1007/BF01235748. PMID 8106879.
  6. Diño, Maria; Perachio, Adrian; Mugnaini, Enrico (2001). "Cerebellar unipolar brush cells are targets of primary vestibular afferents: an experimental study in the gerbil". Experimental Brain Research. 140 (2): 162–170. doi:10.1007/s002210100790. ISSN 0014-4819. PMID 11521148.
  7. Englund C, Kowalczyk T, Daza RA, Dagan A, Lau C, Rose MF, Hevner RF (2006). "Unipolar brush cells of the cerebellum are produced in the rhombic lip and migrate through developing white matter". J. Neurosci. 26 (36): 9184–95. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1610-06.2006. PMID 16957075.
  8. Altman J, Bayer SA (1977). "Time of origin and distribution of a new cell type in the rat cerebellar cortex". Exp Brain Res. 29 (2): 265–74. doi:10.1007/bf00237046. PMID 913518.
  9. Braak E, Arai K, Braak H (1999). "Cerebellar involvement in Pick's disease: affliction of mossy fibers, monodendritic brush cells, and dentate projection neurons". Exp Neurol. 159 (1): 153–63. doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7131. PMID 10486184.
  10. Harashima C, Jacobowitz DM, Stoffel M, et al. Elevated expression of the G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2 (GIRK2) in cerebellar unipolar brush cells of a Down syndrome mouse model. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2006;26(4-6):719-34.

Further reading
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