Victor Chang

Victor Peter Chang, AC (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991), was an Australian cardiac surgeon and a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. After completing his medical studies at the University of Sydney and working in St Vincent's Hospital, he trained in the United Kingdom and the United States as a surgeon before returning to Australia. In St Vincent's Hospital, he helped establish the National Cardiac Transplant Unit, the country's leading centre for heart and lung transplants. Chang's team had a high success rate in performing heart transplantations and he pioneered the development of an artificial heart valve.[1]

Victor Chang
Born(1936-11-21)21 November 1936
Shanghai, China
Died4 July 1991(1991-07-04) (aged 54)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Cause of deathMurder (Ballistic trauma)
NationalityAustralian
EducationUniversity of Sydney
Years active1960–1991
Known forPioneer of heart transplantation
Medical career
ProfessionHeart surgeon
InstitutionsSt Vincent's Hospital
Sub-specialtiesCardiothoracic surgery
Heart transplant
ResearchDevelopment of an artificial heart valve with the formation of Pacific Biomedical Enterprises in Singapore.
AwardsCompanion of the Order of Australia
Victor Chang
Simplified Chinese张任谦
Traditional Chinese張任謙
Hanyu PinyinZhāng Rèn Qiān

In 1986, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for his "service to international relations between Australia and China and to medical science". In 1991, Chang died after being shot in a failed extortion attempt against him. His legacy includes the creation of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, being voted Australian of the Century at the People's Choice Awards, and the establishment of the Victor Chang Lowy Packer Building at St Vincent's Hospital.

Early life and education

Chang was born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents. He grew up in Hong Kong, where he attended primary school in Kowloon Tong and spent two years in St. Paul's College.[2] Chang's father Aubrey sent him and his younger sister to Sydney, Australia, in 1951 to stay with extended family. Chang attended Belmore Boys' High School in Belmore and completed his secondary education at Christian Brothers' High School in Lewisham. On 7 April 1948, Chang's mother died from breast cancer at the age of 33, prompting him to consider a career in medicine at the age of 12.[3] He undertook his tertiary education at the University of Sydney, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medical Science with First-Class Honours and a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1962.[4]

Medical career

Medical training

After completing his medical education, Chang interned at St Vincent's Hospital under the tutelage of cardiac surgeon Mark Shanahan who sent him to London to train with British surgeon Aubrey York Mason.[5]

Chang became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1966 and trained in cardiothoracic surgery at the Royal Brompton Hospital.[4] In London, he met and married his wife Ann (née Simmons).[4][6]

Chang spent two years in the United States at the Mayo Clinic and became chief resident. In 1972, he returned to St Vincent's Hospital, where he was a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon and was appointed Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in 1973 and Fellow of the American College of Surgeons in 1975.[4]

Surgical career

In St Vincent's Hospital, he worked with surgeon Harry Windsor (who had performed Australia's first heart transplant in 1968[5]) and Mark Shanahan. The advent of anti-rejection drugs in 1980 made heart transplants more feasible, and Chang lobbied politicians and businessmen to raise funds to establish a heart transplant program at St. Vincent's. On 8 April 1984, a team of doctors led by Chang operated on 14-year-old Fiona Coote who became Australia's youngest heart transplant patient.[7][8]

Between 1984 and 1990, Chang's unit performed over 197 heart transplants and 14 heart-lung transplants. The unit had a high rate of success with 90% of those receiving transplants from the unit surviving beyond the first year. In 1986, Victor Chang was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) "in recognition of service to international relations between Australia and China and to medical science".[9]

Concerned about a shortage of organ donors, he arranged financing and assembled a team of scientists, engineers along with a marketing specialist to develop an artificial heart and manufacture inexpensive heart valves. Frank Tamru, the heart valve marketing and sales specialist met Dr. Chang in 1980 while working for Shiley the leading US company and based in Singapore. Along with engineers Richard Martin and Brij Gupta the group headquartered in Singapore set up facilities in Guangzhou and Sydney to developed mechanical and tissue heart valves called the St. Vincent's Heart Valves, which were widely implanted throughout Asia. The company, Pacific Biomedical Enterprises Ltd was the first in Asia to produce heart valves for Asian patients made by Asian workers. Chang and his team also made significant progress on the design of an artificial heart. His research projects ended with his death.

Death
Life-size bronze statue of Chang outside the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, sculptor Linda Klarfeld.

On 4 July 1991, Chang was shot twice in the head in a failed extortion attempt.[10][11] His body was found slumped in the gutter next to his car in the Sydney suburb of Mosman.[12] Two Malaysian men, Chew Seng (Ah Sung) Liew and Choon Tee (Phillip) Lim,[13] ran their car into Chang's vehicle, forcing him to pull over. After getting into an argument with Chang who refused to give them money, Liew fired the fatal shots.[10] The first shot entered near the right cheek and exited below the right ear, while the fatal second, fired from point-blank range, entered the right temple and passed through the brain. Police investigators initially suspected the involvement of Triad syndicates, but later concluded the killing was an amateur act.[11][14] Chang was cremated and his ashes were buried under a memorial plaque at Green Park, Darlinghurst, opposite of St Vincent's Hospital.[15][16]

Trial

Liew pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 26 years in prison with a non-parole period of 20 years. Lim, who pleaded not guilty and claimed he did not know Liew had a gun, received a minimum to maximum sentence of 18 to 24 years. Another man, Stanley Ng, abandoned an extortion plan a day before the murder. He had unsuccessfully tried detaining Chang twice to force him to give $3 million. Ng was granted immunity for his evidence. The prosecution alleged the plan had been to abduct Chang, tie him up with his family at his home in Clontarf, and threaten to hang them to coerce Chang into withdrawing money from the bank. In his ruling, Supreme Court Judge John Slattery stated, "It was an absurd, improbable plan, always doomed to failure".[10]

On 26 October 2009, Lim was awarded parole. Following a public outcry and objection by the New South Wales Corrective Services Minister, John Robertson, his release was put on hold, pending another parole hearing.[17] In the New South Wales Supreme Court, that decision was quashed due to the Parole Authority making a procedural error. Lim was freed from Parramatta Correctional Centre on 1 March 2010 into the custody of immigration officers. He was to be deported back to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 2 March, but the flight was cancelled for technical reasons.[18] He was flown out of Australia on 3 March.[19]

After 21 years in prison, Liew was granted parole and deported to Malaysia on 13 October 2012. In his parole hearing, he made a broad apology for the crime and believed that his long term in prison had taken effect.[20] There was a small outcry from NSW Attorney-General Greg Smith; however, this was retracted and Liew was released from prison on 12 October 2012.[21]

Legacy
The ferry Victor Chang approaching Circular Quay, 2017

In 1984, Chang founded the Victor Chang Foundation to grant funds in two areas that he felt passionate about: education and innovation in the fields of cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery. The foundation continues today under the leadership of his daughter Vanessa Chang.

On 15 February 1994, the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, a body intended to focus on researching "the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart muscle diseases",[22] was launched by Prime Minister Paul Keating with Kerry Packer as its patron.[23] The "Dr Victor Chang Science Labs" in Christian Brothers' High School are named after him.[24] In 1999, Prime Minister John Howard announced Chang as Australian of the Century at the People's Choice Awards after a decision between two Australian larrikins and two lifesavers. Swimmer Dawn Fraser, cricketer Donald Bradman, and ophthalmologist Fred Hollows were other contenders.[25]

In St Vincent's Hospital, the Victor Chang Lowy Packer Building was established in 2008 with $35 million from the state government and $45 million in corporate and private donations.[26] Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark officially opened the building and declared that Chang "was an original thinker and saw the need for research and the development of heart assist devices and, not least, he is known for his legendary caring for his patients and their families".[27] In Time magazine's "A Golden Anniversary" article, which lists people who have shaped the last "50 Years in the South Pacific" (1959–2009), Chang was listed as the figure of 1979–1989.[28]

In 2017, a Sydney Ferries Emerald-class ferry was named Victor Chang.[29]

Personal life

Chang met his wife Ann Simmons in 1966. He was the on-call emergency physician at St. Anthony's Hospital in North Cheam, London, where Ann took herself after being taken unwell at a party.[3] They had 3 children: Vanessa, Matthew, and Marcus.[30] Chang had two younger siblings: sister Frances and brother Anthony. He was irreligious but was known to ask Sister Bernice to say a prayer for his patients and was known for his compassion.[3]

References
  1. "Dr Victor Chang's artificial heart valve". National Archives of Australia. Accessed 17 August 2009,.
  2. Kennard, J R (2008). "Assembly 8 September 2008". St. Paul's College. Accessed 9 July 2009.
  3. Chang, Vanessa (2001). Victor Chang: A Tribute to My Father. Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-36322-8.
  4. "School Project Material Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine". Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. Accessed 16 August 2009.
  5. Stephens, Tony (9 August 2008). "Braveheart surgeon, pioneer and teacher". The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 18 August 2009.
  6. "Victor Chang". Cambridge University Press. Accessed 29 May 2010.
  7. Cooke, Karen (9 April 1984). "Fiona, 14, critical after heart transplant". The Age: p. 1. Accessed 26 November 2009.
  8. "Chang, Victor P". University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive.
  9. "Search Australian Honours". It's an Honour. Accessed 9 July 2009.
  10. Agence France-Presse (23 December 1992). "Two Malaysians Jailed for Killing Heart Surgeon". New Straits Times: p. 1. Accessed 18 August 2009.
  11. "Pioneer killed". New Scientist. 13 July 1991.
  12. "Top Australian Surgeon Shot to Death in Argument". Deseret News (4 July 1991). NewsLibrary.com. Accessed 18 August 2009.
  13. "Victor Chang's murderer set for release". ABC News (27 October 2009). Accessed 31 October 2009.
  14. Stephanie Bull (7 June 1991). "In the Herald: July 6, 1991 - Blackmailers kill heart surgeon". Sydney Morning Herald.
  15. Chang, Vanessa (2001). Victor Chang: A Tribute to My Father. Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN 9781743287026.
  16. "Victor Chang". Monument Australia. Accessed 30 August 2018.
  17. "Victor Chang killer's parole put on hold". ABC News (27 October 2009). Accessed 27 October 2009.
  18. "Chang killer Phillip Lim's deportation flight delayed to Malaysia" (2 March 2010). AAP. Accessed 2 March 2010.
  19. "Killer of famed Australian surgeon deported". thenews.com.pk. 3 March 2010. Accessed 3 March 2010.
  20. Amy Dale (20 September 2012). "Parole for Dr Victor Chang's murderer Chiew Seng Liew". Herald Sun. News Limited. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  21. "Chang killer arrives back in Malaysia". The Australian. News Limited. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  22. "Supporters Archived 11 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine". Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. Accessed 18 August 2009.
  23. "The Development of a World Class Research Facility Archived 18 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine". Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. Accessed 18 August 2009.
  24. "CBHS Annual Report to the Community". Christian Brothers' High School Lewisham (2008). Accessed 18 August 2009.
  25. Mealey, Rachel (20 November 1999). "Victor Chang named Australian of the century". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Accessed 9 July 2009.
  26. "Princess Mary marches with Amber and mangles Morris". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. 4 September 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
  27. Tovey, Josephine (3 September 2008). "Princess Mary opens Victor Chang centre". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  28. Verghis, Sharon (29 October 2009). "TIME: 50 Years In the South Pacific". Time magazine. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
  29. "Victor Chang joins Sydney's ferry fleet". Transport for New South Wales. 18 August 2017. Accessed 7 October 2017.
  30. Cumeo, Clementine (6 March 2010). "Dr Victor Chang's murderer takes an island break". The Telegraph.

Further reading
  • Butler, Mark (1997). Victor Chang: Healer of Hearts. ISBN 978-1-86391-582-3.
  • Chang, Vanessa (2001). Victor Chang: A Tribute to My Father. Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-36322-8.
  • Stephenson, Ron (2005). Victor Chang: Murder of a Hero. ISBN 978-1-74110-321-2.
  • Margaret Harris, "Chang, Victor Peter (1936–1991)", Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
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