Walter de la Mare

Walter John de la Mare OM CH (/ˈdɛləˌmɛər/;[1] 25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was an English poet, short story writer, and novelist. He is probably best remembered for his works for children, for his poem "The Listeners",[2] and for a highly acclaimed selection of subtle psychological horror stories, amongst them "Seaton's Aunt" and "All Hallows".

Walter de la Mare
Walter de la Mare in 1924
(photo by Lady Ottoline Morrell)
BornWalter John de la Mare
(1873-04-25)25 April 1873
Charlton, Kent, England
Died22 June 1956(1956-06-22) (aged 83)
Twickenham, Middlesex, England
OccupationWriter
GenrePoetry, supernatural fiction, children's literature
Notable awardsJames Tait Black Memorial Prize
1921
Carnegie Medal
1947

In 1921, his novel Memoirs of a Midget won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction,[3] and his post-war Collected Stories for Children won the 1947 Carnegie Medal for British children's books.[4]

Life

De la Mare was born in Kent at 83 Maryon Road, Charlton[5] (now part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich), partly descended from a family of French Huguenots, and was educated at St Paul's Cathedral School. He was born to James Edward de la Mare, a principal at the Bank of England, and Lucy Sophia Browning (James's second wife), daughter of Scottish naval surgeon and author Dr Colin Arrott Browning. The suggestion that Lucy was related to poet Robert Browning has been found to be incorrect. He had two brothers, Francis Arthur Edward and James Herbert, and four sisters Florence Mary, Constance Eliza, Ethel (who died in infancy), and Ada Mary. De la Mare preferred to be known as 'Jack' by his family and friends as he disliked the name Walter.

He worked from 1890 in the statistics department of the London office of Standard Oil for eighteen years to support his family, but nevertheless found time to write. In 1908, through the efforts of Sir Henry Newbolt he received a Civil List pension which enabled him to concentrate on writing.

In 1892, de la Mare joined the Esperanza Amateur Dramatics Club, where he met and fell in love with Elfrida Ingpen, the leading lady, who was ten years older than he. They were married on 4 August 1899, and they went on to have four children: Richard Herbert Ingpen, Colin, Florence and Lucy Elfrida de la Mare. The new family lived in Beckenham and Anerley from 1899 till 1924.[6] It was in Beckenham at Mackenzie Road that the children were born; his first book of poems, Songs of Childhood, published (under the name Walter Ramal); and Henry Brocken written. Their house at Anerley in south London was the scene of many parties, notable for imaginative games of charades.[7]

In 1940, his wife Elfrida was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and spent the rest of her life as an invalid, eventually dying in 1943. From 1940 until his death, de la Mare lived in South End House, Montpelier Row, Twickenham, the same street on which Alfred, Lord Tennyson, had lived a century earlier. For the Collected Stories for Children (Faber and Faber, 1947), he won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject.[4] It was the first collection to win the award.

De la Mare suffered from a coronary thrombosis in 1947 and died of another in 1956. He spent his final year mostly bed-ridden, being cared for by a nurse whom he loved but never had a physical relationship with.[8] His ashes are buried in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, where he had once been a choirboy.

The imagination

De la Mare described two distinct "types" of imagination – although "aspects" might be a better term: the childlike and the boylike. It was at the border between the two that Shakespeare, Dante, and the rest of the great poets lay.

De la Mare claimed that all children fall into the category of having a childlike imagination at first, which is usually replaced at some point in their lives. He explained in the lecture "Rupert Brooke and the Intellectual Imagination"[9][lower-alpha 1] that children "are not bound in by their groping senses. Facts to them are the liveliest of chameleons. ... They are contemplatives, solitaries, fakirs, who sink again and again out of the noise and fever of existence and into a waking vision." His biographer Doris Ross McCrosson summarises this passage, "Children are, in short, visionaries." This visionary view of life can be seen as either vital creativity and ingenuity, or fatal disconnection from reality (or, in a limited sense, both).

The increasing intrusions of the external world upon the mind, however, frighten the childlike imagination, which "retires like a shocked snail into its shell". From then onward the boyish imagination flourishes, the "intellectual, analytical type".

By adulthood (de la Mare proposed), the childlike imagination has either retreated for ever or grown bold enough to face the real world. Thus emerge the two extremes of the spectrum of adult minds: the mind moulded by the boylike is "logical" and "deductive". That shaped by the childlike becomes "intuitive, inductive". For de la Mare, "The one knows that beauty is truth, the other reveals that truth is beauty." Yet another way he puts it is that the visionary's source of poetry is within, while the intellectual's sources are without – external – in "action, knowledge of things, and experience" (McCrosson's terms). De la Mare hastens to add that this does not make the intellectual's poetry any less good, but it is clear where his own preference lies.[lower-alpha 1]

Come Hither

Come Hither was an anthology, edited by de la Mare, mostly of poetry with some prose. It has a frame story, and can be read on several levels. It was first published in 1923, and was a success; further editions followed. Alongside children's literature it includes a selection of the leading Georgian poets (from de la Mare's perspective).

Supernaturalism

De la Mare was also a notable writer of ghost stories. His collections Eight Tales, The Riddle and Other Stories, The Connoisseur and Other Stories, On the Edge and The Wind Blows Over contain several ghost stories each.

De la Mare's supernatural horror writings were a favourite of H. P. Lovecraft, who in his classic study Supernatural Horror in Literature remarked that "he is able to put into his occasional fear-studies a keen potency which only a rare master can achieve",[10] especially praising his short stories "Seaton's Aunt", "The Tree", "Out of the Deep", "Mr Kempe", "A Recluse" and "All Hallows", along with his novel The Return. Gary William Crawford has described de la Mare's supernatural fiction for adults as being "among the finest to appear in the first half of this century", whilst noting the disparity between the high quality and low quantity of de la Mare's mature horror stories.[11] Other notable de la Mare ghost/horror stories are "A:B:O", "Crewe", "The Green Room" and "Winter".

Several later writers of supernatural fiction, including Robert Aickman, Ramsey Campbell,[11] David A. McIntee and Reggie Oliver, have cited de la Mare's ghost stories as highly inspirational. The horror scholar S. T. Joshi has said that de la Mare's supernatural fiction "should always have an audience that will shudder apprehensively at its horror and be moved to somber reflection by its pensive philosophy".[12]

For children, de la Mare wrote the fairy tale The Three Mulla Mulgars (1910, AKA The Three Royal Monkeys), praised by the literary historian Julia Briggs as a "neglected masterpiece"[13] and by the critic Brian Stableford as a "classic animal fantasy".[14] Richard Adams said it was his favourite novel.[15]

Writer Joan Aiken cited some of his short stories, such as "The Almond Tree" and "Sambo and the Snow Mountains", for their sometimes unexplained quality, which she also employed in her own work.[16]

De la Mare also wrote two supernatural novels, Henry Brocken (1904) and The Return (1910). His poem "The Ghost Chase" appeared in Punch for 26 March 1941 and was illustrated by Rowland Emett.

Works

Novels
  • Henry Brocken (1904)
  • The Three Mulla Mulgars (1910) (edition illustrated by Dorothy P. Lathrop [1919]), also published as The Three Royal Monkeys (children's novel)
  • The Return (1910; revised edition 1922; second revised edition 1945)
  • Memoirs of a Midget (1921)
  • Mr. Bumps and His Monkey (1942) (illustrated by Dorothy P. Lathrop)

Short story collections
  • The Riddle and Other Stories (1923)
  • Ding Dong Bell (1924)
  • Broomsticks and Other Tales (1925) (children's stories)
  • The Connoisseur and Other Stories (1926)
  • On the Edge (1930)
  • The Dutch Cheese (1931) (editions illustrated by Dorothy P. Lathrop (1931) and Irene Hawkins (1947)) (children's stories)
  • The Lord Fish (1933), illustrated by Rex Whistler (children's stories)
  • The Walter de la Mare Omnibus (1933)
  • The Wind Blows Over (1936)
  • The Nap and Other Stories (1936)
  • Stories, Essays and Poems (1938)
  • The Best Stories of Walter de la Mare (1942)
  • Collected Stories for Children (1947) (editions illustrated by Irene Hawkins (1947) and Robin Jacques (1957))
  • A Beginning and Other Stories (1955)
  • Eight Tales (1971)
  • Walter de la Mare, Short Stories 1895–1926 (1996), Walter de la Mare, Short Stories 1927–1956 (2000), and Walter de la Mare, Short Stories for Children (2006) (Complete edition, ed. Giles de la Mare)

Poetry collections
  • Songs of Childhood (1902)
  • Poems (1906)
  • The Listeners (1912)
  • Peacock Pie (1913) (editions illustrated by W. Heath Robinson [1916], Claud Lovat Fraser [1924], Rowland Emett [1941] and Edward Ardizzone [1946])
  • The Sunken Garden and Other Poems (1917)
  • Motley and Other Poems (1918)
  • The Veil and Other Poems (1921)
  • Down-Adown-Derry: A Book of Fairy Poems (1922) (illustrated by Dorothy P. Lathrop)
  • A Child's Day: A Book of Rhymes (1924) (illustrated by Winifred Bromhall)
  • Selected Poems by Walter de la Mare (1927, 1931)
  • Stuff and Nonsense and So On (1927) (editions illustrated by Bold [1927] and Margaret Wolpe [1946])
  • This Year: Next Year (1937) (illustrated by Harold Jones)
  • Bells and Grass (1941) (editions illustrated by Rowland Emett [1941] and Dorothy P. Lathrop [1942])
  • Time Passes and Other Poems (1942)
  • Inward Companion (1950)[17]
  • O Lovely England (1952)
  • Walter de la Mare: The Complete Poems, ed. Giles de la Mare (1969)
Ariel Poems

Six poems were published by Faber and Faber as part of the Ariel Poems, for both series. They were the following:

  • Alone (1927)
  • Self to Self (1928)
  • The Snowdrop (1929)[18]
  • News (1930)
  • To Lucy (1931)
  • The Winnowing Dream (1954)

Plays

Nonfiction
  • Some Women Novelists of the 'Seventies (1929)
  • Desert Islands and Robinson Crusoe (1930)
  • Lewis Carroll (1930)
  • The Early Novels of Wilkie Collins (1932)

Anthologies edited
  • Come Hither (1923; new and revised edition, 1928; third edition, reset and printed from new plates, 1957)
  • Tom Tiddler's Ground (1931; named after the children's game)
  • Early One Morning, in the Spring: Chapters on Children and on Childhood As It Is Revealed in Particular in Early Memories and in Early Writings (1935)
  • Behold, This Dreamer!: Of Reverie, Night, Sleep, Dream, Love-Dreams, Nightmare, Death, the Unconscious, the Imagination, Divination, the Artist, and Kindred Subjects (1939)
  • Love (1943)

Legacy

References in books

C. K. Scott Moncrieff, in translating Marcel Proust's seven-volume work Remembrance of Things Past, used the last line of de la Mare's poem "The Ghost" as the title of the sixth volume, The Sweet Cheat Gone[19][20] (French: Albertine Disparu and La Fugitive).

In 1944, Faber and Faber and one of de la Mare's friends, a certain Dr. Bett, originated the idea to secretly produce a tribute for his 75th birthday.[21] This publication was a collaborative effort between many admirers of Walter de la Mare's work, and included individual pieces by a variety of authors, including V. Sackville-West,[22] J. B. Priestly,[23] T. S. Eliot,[24][25] Siegfried Sassoon,[26] Lord Dunsany,[27] and Henry Williamson.[28]

Richard Adams' debut book Watership Down (1972) uses several of de la Mare's poems for epigraphs.[29]

De la Mare's play Crossings has an important role in Robertson Davies' novel The Manticore. In 1944, when the protagonist David Staunton is sixteen, de la Mare's play is produced by the pupils of his sister's school in Toronto, Canada. Staunton falls deeply in love with the girl playing the main role – a first love which would have a profound effect on the rest of his life.

Symposium by Muriel Spark references Walter de la Mare's poem "Fare Well", quoting: "Look thy last on all things lovely/Every hour.".

References in music

The composer Benjamin Britten set several of de la Mare's verses to music: de la Mare's version of the traditional song Levy-Dew in 1934, and five others, which were then collected in Tit for Tat.[30]

The American composer Theodore Chanler used texts from de la Mare's story "'Benighted'" for his song cycle 8 Epitaphs.[31]

See also

Notes
  1. In the lecture "Rupert Brooke and the Intellectual Imagination", de la Mare used the term "imagination" for both the intellectual and the visionary. To simplify and clarify his language, de la Mare generally used the more conventional "reason" and "imagination" when discussing the same idea elsewhere.

References
  1. Alec Guinness, Blessings in Disguise, p. 93.
  2. Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (1988). The Burning-Glass: A Developmental Study of Walter de la Mare's Poetry (PDF) (PhD). Montreal: McGill University. pp. 51–56. Includes the poem itself and analysis.
  3. "Fiction winners". James Tait Black Prizes: Previous Winners. The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  4. (Carnegie Winner 1947). Living Archive: Celebrating the Carnegie and Greenaway Winners. CILIP. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  5. Theresa Whistler, "Mare, Walter John de la (1873–1956)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct. 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  6. Beckenham heritage, "Beckenham period"
  7. Peggy Denton, "Walter de la Mare – Poet of Anerley and South East London", The Norwood Society.
  8. James Campbell, A kind of magic, The Guardian, 10 June 2006.
  9. de la Mare, Walter (1919). Rupert Brooke and the Intellectual Imagination. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  10. essays at hplovecraft.com
  11. Gary William Crawford, "On the Edge: the Ghost Stories of Walter de la Mare" in Darrell Schweitzer, ed., Discovering Classic Horror Fiction I, Wildside Press, 1992, pp. 53–56. ISBN 1-58715-002-6.
  12. The Return, Walter de la Mare, at books.google.co.uk
  13. Julia Briggs, "Transitions", in Peter Hunt, ed., Children's literature: an illustrated history, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 181. ISBN 0-19-212320-3.
  14. "De la Mare, Walter" in Brian Stableford, The A to Z of Fantasy Literature. Scarecrow Press, 2005, pp. 104–05.
  15. Reddit AMA, 25 September 2013.
  16. Joan Aiken (1976). Geoff Fox; Graham Hammond; Terry Jones; Frederic Smith; Kenneth Sterck (eds.). Writers, Critics, and Children. New York: Agathon Press. pp. 24. ISBN 0-87586-054-0.
  17. de la Mare 1950.
  18. de la Mare 1929.
  19. Wikisource, Remembrance of Things Past (series title). Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  20. Walter de la Mare (on Wikisource), The Ghost (anthologized in Collected poems, 1901-1918 and Motley). Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  21. Various contributors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 5.
  22. Various authors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 19.
  23. Various authors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 15.
  24. Chandran, K. Narayana (Spring 1997). "Phantoms of the Mind: T.S. Eliot's 'To Walter De la Mare'". Papers on Language & Literature. 33 (2). Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  25. Various authors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 106.
  26. Various authors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 110.
  27. Various authors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 114.
  28. Various authors (1944). Tribute to Walter de la Mare on his 75th Birthday. Faber and Faber. p. 171.
  29. Richard Adams, Watership Down. 1974 Reprint by Penguin Books. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  30. Walter de la Mare (lyrics) and Benjamin Britten (music), Tit for Tat (1968). Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  31. "Eight Epitaphs". Song of America. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

Bibliography
  • Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. pp. 96–97.
  • Willison, I. R., ed. (1972). "Water John De La Mare". The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature. Volume 4: 1900–1950. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–262. ISBN 0-521-08535-7.
  • McCrosson, Doris Ross (1966). Walter de la Mare. Twayne.
  • Whistler, Theresa (1993). Imagination of the Heart:The Life of Walter de la Mare.
  • Edward Wagenknecht, "Walter de la Mare", in Wagenknecht, Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. New York: Greenwood, 1991. ISBN 0313279608.
  • Jack Adrian, "De la Mare, Walter", in David Pringle (ed), St. James Guide to Horror, Ghost and Gothic Writers. London: St. James Press, 1998. ISBN 1558622063
  • Blackmore, Leigh (2017). S. T. Joshi (ed.). "In Pursuit of the Transcendent: The Weird Verse of Walter de la Mare". Spectral Realms (6).

Works by de la Mare
  • de la Mare, Walter (1950). Inward Companion. London: Faber and Faber. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  • de la Mare, Walter (1929). "The Snowdrop". Poetry Nook. Drawings by Claudia Guercio. London: Faber and Faber. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
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