William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

William of Jülich-Cleves-Berge (William I of Cleves, William V of Jülich-Berg) (German: Wilhelm der Reiche; 28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592) was a Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1539–1592). William was born in and died in Düsseldorf. He was the only son of John III, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, and Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Berg.[1] William took over rule of his father's estates (the Duchy of Cleves and the County of Mark) upon his death in 1539. Despite his mother having lived until 1543, William also became the Duke of Berg and Jülich and the Count of Ravensberg.

William the Rich
Portrait by Johan Malthain
Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Reign	6 February 1539 – 5 January 1592
Predecessor	John III
Successor	Johann Wilhelm
Born	28 July 1516 Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg
Died	5 January 1592 (aged 75) Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg
Burial	Collegiate Church of St Lambertus, Düsseldorf
Spouses	Joan III of Navarre ​ ​ (m. 1541; annulled 1545)​ Archduchess Maria of Austria ​ ​ (m. 1546; died 1581)​
Issue	Marie Eleonore, Duchess of Prussia Anna, Countess Palatine of Neuburg Magdalene, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Sibylle, Margravine of Burgau Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
House	La Marck
Father	John III, Duke of Cleves
Mother	Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Berg

Duke William of Jülich-Cleves-Berge, engraving from Heinrich Aldegrever

Life

William's humanistic education was headed by Konrad Heresbach.[2] William in turn built a humanistic gymnasium in Dusseldorf in 1545.[2] He attempted to uphold the Erasmian church, but did little to stop Lutheranism from spreading through the populace.[2] After 1554, William appointed a Lutheran preacher to educate his sons.[2]

From 1538 to 1543, William held the neighbouring Duchy of Guelders, as successor of his distant relatives, the Egmond dukes. Emperor Charles V claimed this duchy for himself as the dukes had sold their right of heritage, and William tried to hold on to it. He made a treaty with the King of France and married Jeanne d'Albret, and with this backup dared to challenge the Emperor. All too soon he learned that the French did not lift a finger to help him, and he was overwhelmed and had to surrender. In accordance with the Treaty of Venlo (1543) that was the result of this war, Guelders and the County of Zutphen were transferred to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, combining them with the Habsburg Netherlands.

William then tried to strengthen his inherited territories and launched an impressive development project for the most important cities. The three duchies all got new main fortresses as major strongpoints, for the older medieval fortifications had proved to be no match against the Imperial artillery. The cities of Jülich, Düsseldorf and Orsoy became fortresses for the duchies of Jülich, Berg and Cleves respectively, and Jülich and Düsseldorf were turned into impressive residences. For this task, the renowned Italian architect Alessandro Pasqualini from Bologna was hired, who had already made some impressive display of his craft in the Netherlands. He made the plans for the fortifications and palaces, of which some traces still remain, especially at Jülich where the citadel (built 1548–1580) is a major landmark, with parts of the Renaissance palace still standing.

William's sister Anne of Cleves was, for six months, the fourth wife of King Henry VIII of England. Through his daughter Marie Eleonore, he is ancestor of Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel, wife of John William Friso, Prince of Orange, therefore ancestor of all the current European monarchs.

Marriages and descendants

William married Jeanne d'Albret (1528–72), heiress of Navarre, on 14 June 1541, when she was just 12 years old, but this political marriage was annulled by papal dispensation 12 October 1545.[2]

William married Maria of Austria (1531–81), 18 July 1546, daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor,[2] and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, on 18 July 1546 and they had the following children:

1. Marie Eleonore (25 June 1550 – 1608), married Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia.[3]
2. Anna (1 March 1552 – 1632), married Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg.[3]
3. Magdalene (1553–1633), married John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (brother of Philip Louis)[3]
4. Karl Friedrich (1555–75), Hereditary Prince; he died 20 years old.
5. Elizabeth (1556–61)
6. Sibylle (1557–1627), married Charles, Margrave of Burgau, a morganatic son of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and Philippine Welser[3]
7. Johann Wilhelm (28 May 1562 – 25 March 1609), Bishop of Münster, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Count de la Marck, Count of Ravensberg, Lord of Ravenstein. He was first married in 1585 to Jakobea of Baden (died 1597), daughter of Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden. He was secondly married to Antonia of Lorraine (died 1610) daughter of Charles III, Duke of Lorraine.

upper left:Cleves, upper right: Jülich,
down left: Berg, down right: Mark,
over all: Ravensberg

Ancestry

Ancestors of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

16. Adolph I, Duke of Cleves 8. John I, Duke of Cleves 17. Marie of Burgundy 4. John II, Duke of Cleves 18. John II, Count of Nevers 9. Elizabeth of Nevers 19. Jacqueline d'Ailly 2. John III, Duke of Cleves 20. Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse 10. Henry III, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg 21. Anna of Saxony 5. Matilda of Hesse 22. Philipp I, Count of Katzenelnbogen 11. Anna of Katzenelnbogen 23. Anna of Württemberg 1. William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 24. William VIII of Jülich, Count of Ravensberg 12. Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg 25. Adelheid of Tecklenburg 6. William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg 26. Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 13. Sophie of Saxe-Lauenburg 27. Adelheid of Pomerania 3. Maria of Jülich-Berg 28. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg 14. Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg 29. Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut 7. Sibylle of Brandenburg 30. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony 15. Anna of Saxony 31. Margaret of Austria

References

1. Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1934, p. table 38.
2. Bietenholz & Deutscher 2003, p. 316.
3. Ward 1905, p. 716.

Sources

• Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian, eds. (2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Volumes 1-3. University of Toronto Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ward, A.W. (1905). "The Empire under Rudolf II". In Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History. III. Cambridge at the University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1934). The Cambridge Modern History. XIII. Cambridge at the University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)