William Sansome Tucker

Major William Sansome Tucker, DSc, OBE[1] (1877 Kidderminster, Worcestershire - 1955 Guelph, Ontario, Canada)[2] was an English pioneer in acoustical research and inventor of the acoustic mirror[3]

Early life

Tucker was born in Kidderminster, the son of William Tucker, an artist painter, and his wife Anna. Tucker married in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Lancashire, in 1906.

Career

Tucker lectured on physics in London. Following the outbreak of World War I, Tucker joined the British Army as a private soldier. He was posted to the Experimental Sound Ranging Station at Kemmel Hill in Belgium which was under the command of Lawrence Bragg.[4] As part of the London Electrical Engineers, Territorial Force, Tucker was granted a commission, being promoted from lance corporal to temporary second lieutenant, General List in April 1916.[5]

At Kemmel Hill, Tucker undertook research into 'sound ranging': the process of using microphones and mathematics to determine the position of enemy artillery. Bragg had been wracked by doubts and problems with the military command structure. Tucker formed an experimental sound ranging section, which spearheaded the development of an effective system of sound ranging enemy guns. Vital to the success was Tucker's invention of a 'hot wire' microphone, capable of identifying the shell sound wave and the following report of the gun that fired it. The breakthrough had come from Bragg, who found that the water closet at the farmhouse where he was billeted, allowed him, once seated inside, to detect sound and pressure differences of shell waves and gun waves as they passed overhead.[6]

Tucker researched how to cool platinum wire with the air currents caused by the sound-waves they were detecting. Mouse-holes and rum jars provided a clue here, as there were two mouse-holes by Tucker's bed and he noticed a draught of cool air whenever the gun-wave arrived. Tucker devised a microphone consisting of a thin, electrically heated wire, stretched over a small hole in a container (he used rum jars, but the low-frequency acoustic resonance of wooden ammunition boxes, forming a Helmholtz resonator, was soon found to give better results).[7][8] The decrease in the electrical resistance of the wire as the gun-wave struck was recorded by a Wheatstone bridge and galvanometer.[6]

Tucker had to send for platinum wire to be delivered to him at Kemmel Hill, before he could run trials. The rapid oscillations of the shell waves had almost no effect on the wire, whilst the gun-reports resulted in well-defined 'breaks' on the 35mm cine film used to record the oscillations, due to the deflection of the wire by the pressure of the gun wave. By September 1916, Tucker's new microphones had been supplied to all sound-ranging sections.[6]

In 1917, sound-ranging was further developed so that allowances could be made for poor weather conditions, as sudden gusts of wind could cool the wire: the most effective method found was to wrap the devices in several layers of camouflage netting.[8] Tucker developed a system of moveable microphones to improve detection techniques, allowing for a high degree of accuracy in determining the position of the enemy guns. By the end of the war it was possible to determine where the gun was pointing, and how large it was. The technique could also be extended to listen out for enemy aircraft; as a result, Tucker became Director of Acoustical Research, Air Defence Experimental Establishment, Biggin Hill.

His work eventually led to vast parabolic 'sound mirrors' being constructed from concrete. Some of these sound mirrors still survive along England's south coast, such as those to be found at Denge, near Dungeness, to the west side of a lake slightly north of Lydd-on-Sea, and others uncovered in 2014 at Fan Bay near Dover.[9] Tucker's work was superseded by the development of radar, which made sound-ranging using the great concrete mirrors obsolete. Some known locations for the sound mirrors were documented in a series of photographs by Joe Pettet-Smith in 2018.[10]

References
  1. "Birthday honours". Flight. 7 June 1928. p. 414.
  2. Hannah Gay (2007). The history of Imperial College London, 1907-2007. Imperial College Press. p. 144.
  3. "The concrete blocks that once protected Britain". Bbc.co.uk. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  4. J.N. McKie. "John Tindale (1878-1969) and the Genesis of the Radio-Telescope". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 679. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37..663M.
  5. "Second Supplement to London Gazette". The London Gazette. 7 April 1916. p. 3769.
  6. Bragg, Lawrence. Crystal clear : the autobiographies of Sir Lawrence and Lady Bragg (2015 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. ISBN 0198744307.
  7. Tucker, William; Paris, E.T. (3 March 1921). "A Selective Hot-Wire Microphone". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: 390. doi:10.1098/rsta.1921.0011.
  8. van der Kloot, William (2004). "Sound Ranging". Great Scientists Wage the Great War : The First War of Science 1914-1918. Oxford, England: Fonthill. ISBN 9781781554029.
  9. "Fan Bay sound mirrors". Andrewgrantham.co.uk.
  10. "The concrete blocks that once protected Britain". Bbc.co.uk.
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