Wolf Point, Chicago

Wolf Point is the location at the confluence of the North, South and Main Branches of the Chicago River in the present day Near North Side, Loop, and Near West Side community areas of Chicago. This fork in the river is historically important in the development of early Chicago. This was the location of Chicago's first three taverns, its first hotel, Sauganash Hotel, its first ferry, its first drug store, its first church, its first theater company, and the first bridges across the Chicago River. The name is said to possibly derive from a Native American Chief whose name translated to wolf, but alternate theories exist.

Wolf Point in July 2018
Map depicting Wolf Point (area owned by the Kennedy family in black, with approximate area of the historical Wolf Point settlement in red)

Historically, the west bank of the river at the fork was called "Wolf Point," but in the 1820s and 1830s it came to denote the entire area and the settlement that grew up around the river-fork. Wolf Point is now often used more specifically to refer to a plot of land on the north side of the fork in the Near North Side community area that is owned by the Kennedy family as part of the larger Merchandise Mart Center complex. Today the north bank at the fork, is the location of a high-rise and a construction site, the west bank includes condominium high rises, commercial skyscrapers, and railroad tracks, while the south bank includes part of the Chicago Riverwalk and serves as the transition point of Wacker Drive from an east-west street to a north-south street.

Background
View of Wolf Point from the south in the Chicago Loop (2010)

The origin of the name, Wolf Point, is unknown. In her 1856 memoir Wau-Bun, Juliette Kinzie states that 'the place was then called Wolf Point, from its having been the residence of an Indian named "Moa-way," or "the Wolf."'[1] Other alternate explanations are that it was so-named after the landlord of what would later be called the Wolf Point Tavern killed a ferocious wolf and hung a painted sign of a wolf outside his tavern to commemorate the event,[2] or that it was named by a soldier at Fort Dearborn because it was a place where wolves would gather at night.[3] Originally the term Wolf Point referred to the west bank of the Chicago River at the fork junction of its branches,[4][5][6] but it gradually came to refer to the whole region around the forks and in modern usage is often more specifically used to mean the plot of land on the north side of the forks.[6] The confluence of the three branches of the river near Wolf Point provided inspiration for Chicago's Municipal Device, a Y-shaped, city identification symbol that can be seen on many buildings in Chicago, and on city owned vehicles.[7][8]

Early settlement
Wolf Point in 1833
View of Wolf Point from the south as it might have appeared in 1830 (published in 1884); the Wolf Point Tavern is on the left, the Miller Tavern is on the right
Wolf Point from a similar viewpoint in 2009; among the buildings and structures shown are (left to right) Left Bank at K Station (300 North Canal), 333 North Canal, Kinzie Street railroad bridge, 350 West Mart Center, Merchandise Mart, 300 North LaSalle, Franklin Street Bridge and part of 333 Wacker Drive

The first non-indigenous settler at Wolf Point may have been a trader named Guarie. Writing in 1880 Gurdon Hubbard, who first arrived in Chicago on October 1, 1818, stated that he had been told of Guarie by Antoine De Champs and Antoine Beson, who had been traversing the Chicago Portage annually since about 1778.[9] Hubbard wrote that De Champs had shown him evidence of a trading house and the remains of a cornfield supposed to have belonged to Guarie.[10] The cornfield was located on the west bank of the North Branch of the Chicago River, a short distance from the forks at what is now Fulton Street; early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River, or Gary's River.[10][11]

James Kinzie, the son of early settler John Kinzie, built a tavern on the west bank of the river at Wolf Point in 1828.[4][12] By 1829 this tavern was operated for Kinzie by Archibald Caldwell who was granted a liquor license on December 8 of that year.[n 1] Caldwell left Chicago early in 1830 and Elijah Wentworth became the landlord of the tavern. He was in turn succeeded by Charles Taylor (1831–1833) and William Walters (1833–1836).[4] The tavern became known as the 'Wolf Point Tavern' or 'Wolf Tavern' and a painted sign of a wolf was hung outside the tavern by approximately 1833.[14]

In about 1829, Samuel Miller and his brother John opened a store on the north bank of the river at the forks.[12][15] In 1830, they enlarged their store and began to operate it as a tavern in competition with the Wolf Point Tavern. On June 2, 1829 Samuel Miller and Archibald Clybourn had been authorized to operate the first ferry across the Chicago River. Clybourn was the ferry man, crossing the North Branch of the river between Miller's tavern and the Wolf Point Tavern.[16] In 1831 John Miller built a log house near his brother's tavern that he used as a tannery; Chicago's first recorded factory.[15] Samuel Miller sold the tavern and moved away following the death of his wife in 1832.[12]

The Sauganash Hotel was Chicago's first hotel.

Mark Beaubien opened the Eagle Exchange Tavern in a log cabin on the south bank in 1829.[17] In 1831 Beaubien added a frame addition and opened the Sauganash Hotel, Chicago's first hotel.[18][19] Immediately adjacent to the hotel's public bar was Chicago's first drug store.[20] Beaubien left the Sauganash Hotel in 1834, but the hotel continued in operation until it was destroyed by a fire in 1851.[18] In 1837, the hotel hosted the first Chicago theatre company in a converted dining room.[21][22] The site of the Sauganash Hotel was redeveloped as the Wigwam in 1860; the site today is at 191 North Wacker and is designated as a Chicago Landmark.[23]

James Kinzie built the Green Tree Tavern at the northeastern corner of Canal and Lake Streets in 1833.[18] The tavern went through a succession of owners and name changes before being moved in 1880 to 33, 35, and 37 Milwaukee Avenue.[4] In 1902 plans were made to preserve the building and move it to Garfield Park, however the hotel collapsed before work could start on this project.[24]

Rev. Jesse Walker started the first church on June 14, 1831, with ten members in a log cabin.[25] In 1838, the congregation floated their log cabin across the Chicago River and rolled it on logs to the corner of Washington and Clark Streets, where it is now the First United Methodist Church Chicago Temple.[26]

Archibald Clybourn's ferry across the North Branch of the river was replaced by a bridge in the winter of 1831 and 1832, and a bridge across the South Branch of the river located between Lake and Randolph Streets[27] was added in the winter of 1832 and 1833. Early settlers J. D. Caton, John Bates, Charles Cleaver, and John Noble wrote in a letter in the fall of 1883 that both of these bridges were constructed of logs; they were about 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, and cleared the river by about 6 feet (1.8 m).[28]

Development
Wolf Point in 1870
Bird's-eye view of Wolf Point viewed from the east as it appeared in 1893

When the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848, the landmass at Wolf Point was decreased by dredging to accommodate a turning basin for ships.[29] In the autumn of the same year the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad opened Chicago's first railroad depot at Wolf Point, on the southwestern corner of Kinzie and Canal Streets.[30] By 1857 the site of Wolf Point Tavern was being used as a lumber yard;[31] the Fulton Elevator, one of Chicago's earliest grain elevators, was built just to the north of the former tavern in 1852.[32] Several blocks to the west of Wolf Point were destroyed in a large fire on September 15, 1859.[33] The Fulton Elevator survived this, and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, but was burned down on September 7, 1873.[32] It was rebuilt in the same year, and another grain elevator, the St Paul Elevator, was added immediately to the south of the original in 1879.[34] The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway company purchased both elevators in 1889 for $400,000 ($11.4 million today),[35] but demolished them in 1906.[34] Currently, the site is occupied by the Riverbend Condominiums at 333 North Canal Street.[36][37]

The property on the north bank of the river at Wolf Point was owned by businessman Marshall Field until it was sold to Democratic Party figure and Kennedy family patriarch Joseph P. Kennedy in 1945 or 1946, depending on the source.[38][39] Although the Kennedy family sold much of the complex center property to Vornado Realty Trust in 1998 as part of a larger $625 million ($980.4 million) transaction,[40] the family retained their interest in the 4 acres (16,000 m2) of Wolf Point land.[41] The area still owned by the Kennedy family is bounded by the Chicago River to the east, west, south and 350 West Mart Center to the north. The Merchandise Mart is located diagonally to the northeast. There have been numerous plans to develop the property dating back to the late 1980s.[42][43] In 2007, the Kennedys planned to develop the property with three high-rises and skyscrapers to designs by Argentine-American architect César Pelli.[41] In 2012, updated plans were proposed with several target completion dates over the next decade.[44] The property is a coveted real estate location that has had several serious redevelopment plans in the past.[45][46][47] In 2014, construction began on the first phase of the planned Wolf Point Towers.[48] A joint venture including the AFL-CIO Building Investment Trust and the Kennedy Family[49] completed the 46-story Wolf Point West tower with union construction labor in 2016.[50][51][52] A building permit for construction of Wolf Point East was issued on June 22, 2017 as a 60-story, 698-unit, 660-foot (201.17 m) building and by June 28, a joint venture of the AFL-CIO Building Investment Trust, the Kennedy Family, and Hines[53] began construction on the $380 million project with a $200 million loan through a lending group that included Bank of America, Citizens Bank, ING Real Estate Finance, and Ullico.[54][55] Occupancy is expected in 2019.[56]

The south bank is being redeveloped as part of Mayor Rahm Emanuel's plans to extend the Chicago Riverwalk, which is located on the south bank of the Chicago River and will extend from Lake Michigan to the intersection of North Wacker Drive and Lake Street. Design plans are being finalized as of Spring 2015 with completion targeted by the end of 2016 pending funding. Currently, the plan will include a three-story retail space, a large park, and an iconic bridge linking Wacker to the Riverwalk path.[57]

See also

Notes

Notes
  1. Some sources state that Archibald Caldwell was the first licensed liquor seller in Chicago;[4][12] however licenses had previously been issued to Archibald Clybourn and Samuel Miller on May 2, 1829.[13]

References
  1. Kinzie 1856, p. 182
  2. Andreas 1884, pp. 629–630
  3. Hurlbut 1881, p. 498
  4. "Chicago at a Glance—Seventeenth and Eighteenth Wards". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 17, 1900.
  5. Hill 2000, p. 31
  6. Solzman 2006, p. 101
  7. "The Municipal Device". Forgotten Chicago. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  8. "The Chicago Municipal Device (Y-Shaped Figure)". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  9. Blanchard 1881, pp. 757–759
  10. Quaife 1913, p. 138
  11. Keating, William H. (1824). Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's river, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c., performed in the year 1823 (volume 1). H. C. Carey & I. Lea. p. 172. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  12. Andreas 1884, p. 629
  13. East, Ernest E (September 1938). "Contributions to Chicago History from Peoria County Records (part 2)". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 31 (3): 323–343. JSTOR 40187536.
  14. Andreas 1884, p. 631
  15. "Chicago at a Glance—Twenty-first, Twenty-second, and Twenty-third Wards". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 17, 1900.
  16. Hurlbut 1881, p. 505
  17. Currey 1912, pp. 100–102
  18. Andreas 1884, pp. 632–633
  19. Berger, Molly W. (2005). "Hotels". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
  20. Bulletin of pharmacy. 16. Nabu Press. 2010. p. 100. ISBN 1-144-46348-3. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  21. Adler, Tony (2004). Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). Theater. Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 815–6. ISBN 0-226-31015-9. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  22. Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Joseph H. Willsey, eds. (1895). Harper's book of facts: a classified history of the world; embracing science. Harper & Brothers. p. 163. Retrieved September 25, 2010. Sauganash Hotel.
  23. "Site of the Sauganash Hotel/Wigwam". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
  24. "Green Tree Tavern Falls: Two Men Hurt in Collapse". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1902.
  25. Cutler, I. Chicago. SIU Press. p. 404. ISBN 9780809387953. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  26. "Chicago Temple – United Methodist Church » History". chicagotemple.org. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  27. Andreas 1884, p. 133
  28. Andreas 1884, p. 632
  29. Hill 2000, pp. 90–91
  30. Grant, H. Roger (1996). The Northwestern: A History of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway System. Northern Illinois University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-87580-214-1.
  31. Hurlbut 1881, p. 499
  32. "The Elevator Fire". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 8, 1873.
  33. "Great Fire in the West Division". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 16, 1859.
  34. "Build on Elevator Site". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 19, 1906.
  35. "Big Deal in Elevators". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 25, 1899.
  36. "Riverbend Condominiums". glasssteelandstone.com. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  37. "Riverbend Condominiums". Emporis.com. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  38. Giovannini, Joseph (June 16, 1998). "New Pieces, New Looks For the Office". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  39. Feuerstein, Phyllis (August 22, 1993). "Christopher Kennedy Chicago's The Place To Work On The Other Family Business". Chicago Tribune. p. 8.
  40. "Kennedy Family Selling Merchandise Mart To Vornado Realty". Chicago Tribune. January 26, 1998. p. 3.
  41. Gallun, Alby (June 30, 2007). "Kennedys, developer plan big Wolf Point project". ChicagoBusiness. Crain Communications, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  42. Davis, Jerry C. (September 3, 1989). "Wolf Point, part of Mart face redevelopment". Chicago Sun-Times.
  43. "Wolf Point". Emporis.com. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  44. Kamen, Blair (June 3, 2012). "Wolf Point". Chicago Tribune.
  45. "Wolf Point". Emporis.com. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  46. "Wolf Point". Emporis.com. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  47. "Wolf Point Apartments". Emporis.com. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  48. "Construction Begins on Wolf Point West: Luxury rental units, office, retail space and possibly a hotel planned for development". WMAQ-TV. July 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
  49. Janssen, Kim. "Chris Kennedy takes swipe at 'state leaders,' won't discuss governor's race". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  50. "Ribbon cut to officially open first Wolf Point tower". Loop North News. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  51. Gallun, Alby (March 8, 2017). "Kennedys seek buyer for Wolf Point apartment tower". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  52. ctbuh. "Groundbreaking Ceremony Held for Chicago's Wolf Point West Tower". ctbuh. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  53. "60-story Wolf Point East apartment tower cleared to rise". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  54. Koziarz, Jay (June 22, 2017). "Second Wolf Point apartment tower cleared to rise along the Chicago River". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  55. Gallun, Alby (June 28, 2017). "Wolf Point developers land $200 million loan for 60-story tower". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  56. Baiceanu, Roxana (July 4, 2017). "Construction Kicks Off at Chicago's Wolf Point East". Multi-Housing News. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  57. "Chicago Riverwalk". City of Chicago. Retrieved April 17, 2015.

Bibliography

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