Wonnerup massacre

The Wonnerup massacre, also known as the Wonnerup "Minninup" massacre , was the killing of dozens of Wardandi Noongar people by European settlers in the vicinity of Wonnerup, Western Australia in February 1841.[1] The massacre on Wardandi Noongar land in the south-west of Western Australia took place after Gaywal, a Wardandi warrior, speared and killed George Layman, a settler at Wonnerup on 21 February 1841. The leaders of the punitive massacre were Layman's neighbours John Bussell and Captain John Molloy, resident magistrate of the district. Settlers from the Wonnerup, Capel, Busselton and Augusta area joined them to commit "one of the most bloodthirsty deeds ever committed by Englishmen".[2]

Causes of conflict

The causes of conflict between colonial settlers and Wardandi Noongar people are many. One incident that caused a great deal of resentment between Gaywal and the settlers in the Busselton area was the treatment of Gaywal's son-in-law Nungundung. In November 1840 Henry Campbell, a settler labourer living on the Collie River, raped Gaywal's daughter and Nungundung, her husband, killed him with the help of two friends.[3] The resident magistrate of the Leschenault district, G. Eliot had them flogged for this and let them go. Bussell was incensed at this lenient treatment and when he came across Nungundung he had him arrested, detained him for a while at his house Cattle Chosen and then sent him up to Perth for further punishment. There was much resentment at this arbitrary treatment of Nundundung amongst the Wardandi people after this incident and several threats were made to various settlers in the Busselton district during the following months.

Death of George Layman

On 21 February 1841 eighteen Wardandi people, including Gaywal, Milligan, and Gaywal's son Woberdung were working for George Layman, helping with the threshing of wheat. White settler labourers who were also helping with the work were Martin Welch and John Dawson. Mary Bryan was working as a servant in the Layman cottage with Mrs Layman.

Milligan and Gaywal (also known as Gayware and Quibean in various sources of the time) had an argument over the damper they were given as payment at the end of the day. The Noongar workers were standing around a fire outside the Layman cottage at this point. Milligan went to the cottage to complain to George Layman that Gaywal had taken his share of damper and that he had nothing for his work.[4] Layman then came out of the cottage and told Gaywal to give the damper to Milligan, grabbing Gaywal's beard in the process, a great insult in Noongar culture.[5] Gaywal then stepped back said "George!" and speared Layman, who ran into his cottage, calling for a gun, then laid down on the floor and died within ten minutes.[6] Young Robert Heppingstone, son of Mary Bryan, later said that he also saw Wobudung throw a spear that went between Layman's legs.[7] All the Noongar workers then ran away.

Heppingstone was sent on horse to alert the Bussell family and Molloy of Layman's death. They were at the Bussell's house having a prayer meeting at the time as it was a Sunday. Milligan also went to the Bussell's house to report on what had happened.

First punitive expedition

On 22 February Dr Green came to ascertain the cause of Layman's death. Bussell and Molloy prepared warrants. They also prevailed on Bunny, a Noongar constable, to help, by holding him at the Bussell residence "until a conviction that he was true and zealous induced us to liberate him".[8] Two young Noongar boys, described as spies, were caught at Wonnerup and told settlers that Gaywal had been speared in the thigh at Mollakup. The Bussells and Molloy went out at midnight towards Mollakup with Bunny as guide. The party comprised 13 people. After a day and a night, hiding in the sandhills and tracking a group of Noongar people, the settlers killed seven Noongar people and captured thirteen women and children. Gaywal was not part of the group of people killed or captured.[8]

The Bussells and other settlers then returned home. At that time Symmons, the Protector of Aborigines arrived and apparently was roundly abused by the settlers. The Noongar prisoners told the Bussells and Molloy that Gaywal was retreating westward. A small party led by Vernon Bussell and three other settlers remained at Wonnerup. On 27 February Vernon sent a message saying "bring ammunition we have none".[9] Charles Bussell was sent out with weapons and reinforcements. Vernon Bussell then returned and reported that any Noongar guides they recruited were giving them conflicting information about Gaywal's whereabouts. Bunny had also been sent out to kill Gaywal and came back reporting that he had done this, but this was not so.

On 26 February Fanny Bussell noted in her diary: "In the evening John, Capt. Molloy and Mr. Northy returned. Capt. Molloy drank tea here. 7 natives killed. Gaywal supposed to be wounded."[10]

Second larger punitive massacre

On 27 February a larger massacre occurred. It was led by Molloy and John Bussell and comprised Charles, Vernon and Alfred Bussell and other settlers from the wider Busselton area. Warren Bert Kimberly wrote an account of it in 1897 after talking to colonial settlers and Noongar survivors who remembered what happened. It is said that Molloy gave orders that no women or children were to be killed. The majority of Noongar people were now hiding around Lake Minninup. Then:

Native after native was shot, and the survivors, knowing that orders had been given not to shoot the women, crouched on their knees, covered their bodies with their bokas, and cried, ‘Me yokah’ (woman). The white men had no mercy. The black men were killed by dozens, and their corpses lined the route of march of the avengers.[11]

Oral history of the Wardandi Noongar people also says:

The first mob was caught, was just the other side of the Capel River (Mollakup). When I was a little boy we found some skulls up there. One of them had a bullet in it, it had gone through the forehead and just sticking out the back. There was quite a few with holes knocked in them in the skulls and the next mob they caught was at Muddy Lake (Mininup) that’s this side of Bunbury and then they chased the other right through Australind somewhere around Australind area they caught up they killed some more there and the rest got away.[12]

Cover-up of events

This massacre was later "systematically downplayed" by settlers despite large numbers of Noongar people being unaccounted for after the event. A descendant of John Dawson has stated that something dreadful occurred which "which seriously affected the moral of the whole community".[13] Governor John Hutt was in charge of the Swan River Colony at the time and the settler community closed ranks against further enquiry. Molloy's reports to Hutt at this time are also missing. Fanny Bussell's diary of that period in February is missing four pages, although this has been attributed by Edward Shann to wanting to conceal the argument with Symmons that occurred at the time.[14]

Death of Gaywal

On 7 March, Gaywal was killed by Lieutenant Northey's servant Kelly. He was at the forefront of a party that had gone out to continue the hunt for Gaywal. Later on, Molloy set up a trap for Woberdung and Kenny on the boat of Captain Plaskett. They were then taken to Rottnest Island to be incarcerated.

References
  1. "Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930". Centre For 21st Century Humanities, University of Newcastle (Australia). Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  2. Kimberley, Warren Burt. "History of West Australia by, published in 1897, chapter 13, page 116". Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  3. White, Jessica. "'Paper Talk': Testimony and Forgetting in South West Western Australia, Home Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, Vol 17, No 1 (2017). p. 6". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  4. Deposition of John Dawson signed by JG Bussell and J Molloy 23rd Feb 1841, CSR Vol 100, Battye Library.
  5. White, Jessica. "'Paper Talk': Testimony and Forgetting in South West Western Australia, Home Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, Vol 17, No 1 (2017). p. 2". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  6. Deposition of Anne Bryan signed by JG Bussell and J Molloy CSR 1841 02 23 Vol 100 128, Battye Library.
  7. Depositions of Alfred Green and John Heppingstone signed by JG Bussell and J Molloy 841 02 24 CSR Vol 100 129, Battye Library.
  8. Report by J Molloy and J Bussell 27th Feb, 1841, CSR Vol 101 93-4, Battye Library.
  9. Molloy and J Bussell report to CSO 10th March 1841, CSR Vol 101 99, Battye Library.
  10. Edward Shann. "Cattle Chosen, Chapter 8, Wild Justice".
  11. Kimberley, Warren Burt. "History of West Australia by, published in 1897, chapter 13, page 116". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  12. Collard, Len. "A Nyungar Interpretation of Ellensbrook and Wonnerup Homesteads. East Perth: Heritage Council of Western Australia, 1994, p. 61".
  13. Hardwick, Gil. "'The Irish R. M.: Capt. John Molloy of the Vasse (Paper in: The Irish in Western Australia. Reece, Bob (ed.).)'; Studies in Western Australian history, (2000) 20 1, pp.1-20, pp. 11,12".
  14. Edward Shann. "Cattle Chosen, Chapter 7, Relations with the Natives".
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