Zachary Smith Reynolds

Zachary Smith Reynolds
Zachary Smith Reynolds
Born	November 5, 1911
Died	July 6, 1932; Reynolda House
Alma mater	Richard J. Reynolds High School; Woodberry Forest School
Notable work	Log of Aeroplane NR-898W
Spouse(s)	Anne Ludlow Cannon (m. 1929; div. 1931); Libby Holman (m. 1931-1932)
Children	Anne Cannon Forsyth (1930-2003); Christopher Smith Reynolds (1933-1950)
Parents	R. J. Reynolds (father); Katharine Smith Reynolds (mother);
Relatives	R. J. Reynolds Jr. (Brother); Mary Reynolds Babcock (Sister); Nancy Susan Reynolds (Sister); William Neal Reynolds (Uncle); Kate Bitting Reynolds (Aunt)

Zachary Smith Reynolds (November 5, 1911 - July 6, 1932) was an American amateur aviator and youngest son of American businessman and millionaire R. J. Reynolds. The son of one of the richest men in the United States at the time, Reynolds was to fully inherit twenty-million dollars when he turned twenty-eight, as established in his father's will.[1]

In the early morning of July 6, 1932, Reynolds died under mysterious circumstances of a gunshot wound to the head, following a party on the family estate of the Reynolda House. A series of investigations revealed inconsistent testimony from the party-goers and signs of tampering with the crime scene. The death gained sensational national media coverage after Reynolds' wife of a few months, Broadway singer and actress Libby Holman, along with Reynolds' friend Albert "Ab" Walker, were indicted of first-degree murder charges by a grand jury. However, the case was eventually dropped, due to lack of evidence, and at the request of the Reynolds family. It remains unsolved to this day. Based on the evidence and testimonies, it is unknown if it was a murder or suicide.[2] Multiple films were inspired by the case, including the 1950s classic Written on the Wind.[3]

Reynolds' siblings donated their shares of his estate to form the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation for the benefit of social causes in North Carolina.[4]

Early life

R.J. Reynolds 1914 family photo. From left to right: Mary, R.J. Reynolds, Katharine Reynolds, Nancy, Richard Joshua "Dick", Zachary Smith

Reynolds (also known as Z. Smith Reynolds, or just Smith) was the youngest child of R. J. Reynolds, founder of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and Mary Katharine "Katharine" Smith Reynolds. He was close to his three older siblings and was the baby of the family.[5] His sister Nancy remembered him fondly in a 1980s interview: “Smith was my friend. I mean, he was younger than I, but you never felt that way about him because he was so intelligent, and he was so adult in his thinking... He was a very strong character, Smith was."[6]

At the time of Smith's birth in 1911, R. J. Reynolds was the wealthiest man in the state of North Carolina, and the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was producing one-fourth of all United States plug chewing tobacco. The introduction of the Camel cigarettes brand two years later in 1913 spiked the company's profits. In the first year of production, 425 billion Camel cigarettes were sold, becoming the most popular brand in the United States by 1918.[7]

Reynolda Estate

Reynolds children and unknown adult in front of the Reynolds family 666 West Fifth Street mansion, site of the present-day Forsyth Central Library.

The couple and their four children first lived in a Queen Anne-style Victorian mansion at 666 West Fifth street in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The house was located on a street known as "Millionaire's Row," along with other wealthy Reynolds family members and important Reynolds Tobacco employees.[8] While living at the mansion, Katharine began to design a country estate, the future Reynolda House. Agriculture and country living was very stylish among the American wealthy at the time; Katharine herself was subscribed to fashionable publications such as Town and Country, Women’s Home Companion, and Country Life in America.[9]

The 1,067 acre estate would be completed in winter of 1917. The centerpiece of the country home was a 64-room mansion, described modestly as a "bungalow" by R.J. and Katharine. The house was four stories and divided into a central section with two wings, each attached to the main house at a 20 degree angle. The design and construction of the house took a total of 5 years: the house’s layout and utilities became complex to meet the needs of the family. The final plan included two kitchens, three dumbwaiters, an elevator, fourteen bathrooms, a telephone in each room, and an Aeolian Company pipe organ featuring four keyboards and a pedal footboard.[10] The rugs, curtains, and other furnishings were designed and placed to absorb its harsh tones and create a warmer sound.[11] The relatively simple exterior of the "bungalow" betrayed the luxurious interior: the main rooms - central living room, reception hall, and dining room - were decorated with detailed paneling, carved moldings, and rosettes, including Corinthian, Doric, and Ionic columns, and each public room had a carved-marble fireplace mantel.[12]

North facade of Reynolda House in 1919

South facade and entrance of Reynolda House in 1919

The main house was complemented by formal gardens, vineyards, a golf course, two tennis courts, an outdoor swimming pool, and a man-made lake with a boathouse, called "Lake Katharine." Lake Katharine was created by damming the nearby Silas Creek. The lake’s depth was regulated by a spillway that led into an artificial pool with a concrete bottom. Occasionally the pond would be emptied for cleaning by sweeping out the bottom and sides.[13] Reynolda functioned as a self-sufficient estate and also featured the adjoining "Reynolda Village" for workers. It had its own post office, housing for employees, two churches, two schools, and a model farm to exhibit and innovate the latest practices in agriculture, livestock production, and horticulture.[14] The building of the estate coincided with the growing wealth of the Reynolds family: the RJ Reynolds company experienced a sharp increase in profit after the introduction of the Camel cigarette brand. Net profits in 1912 were 2.9 million, and would jump to $23.8 million by 1924. In 1922, the Wall Street Journal reported that the company’s net earnings were the highest ever taken in by a tobacco manufacturer in history.[15]

Central living room of the Reynolda House as of 2020, showing original furnishings.

1918-1924

The family permanently moved into Reynolda in December 1917. However, R.J. Reynolds had been experiencing illness due to pancreatic cancer earlier in the year. Treatments including quarantine and pulling all his teeth were unsuccessful.[16] By early 1918, RJ was increasingly in pain and bedridden. He traveled between Winston-Salem and a Philadelphia hospital for treatments for his pancreatic cancer. After a major surgery, he was brought back to Reynolda and died July 29, 1918.[17] R.J. had written a will beforehand that left each of his four children a trust that was limited to them until they turned twenty-eight.

Zachary Smith Reynolds with his sisters Nancy and Mary in 1924, at the Reynolda estate outdoor pool.

Since its opening, the three youngest children attended the school built for the estate. A year after RJ’s death, Katharine soon began courting the headmaster who was hired in 1919, John Edward Johnston, a man about 20 years her junior. On June 11, 1921, Katharine and Ed Johnston married in the Reynolda house living room. After their honeymoon abroad in London and Paris, the couple moved to a smaller cabin on the estate, leaving the children in the main bungalow with their governess and other retainers. Against doctor’s recommendations, at 44, Katharine became pregnant in early 1924. The pregnancy was difficult, and the couple moved into their New York City apartment to have better access to doctors. On May 21, she gave birth to J. Edward Johnston Jr.; however, three days later, she died from complications of the birth when a blood clot traveled to her brain and triggered an embolism.[18]

William Neal Reynolds with his nieces and nephews (right to left) Dick, Mary, Nancy, and Smith in 1914.

After Katharine’s death, the responsibility of the children's care fell to Johnston and their uncle William Neal Reynolds. That summer, they sent the children on a summer tour of Europe and South America that had been previously planned by Katharine. Upon returning in the fall, they were each sent to their respective boarding schools, Smith Reynolds going to Woodberry Forest where his older brother R. J. Reynolds, Jr. "Dick" had previously attended.

Education

Reynolds spent two years at Woodberry Forest dabbling in various clubs, including the Smokers Club, where he was known as “Camel” Reynolds. While at Woodberry, he wrote at least two suicide notes: the notes would be taken out from his papers after his death and shown during the inquest. One note was written as a last will and reads: "LAST WILL. I will my car to Ab [Walker, his best friend], if he finishes it. My money to Dick. My reputation to Virginia. My good looks to Mary (she needs it.) P.S. You think I am tite [drunk], but I’m not. P.S. Hope you don’t feel hurt about this will."[19] The second was written in a scribble on the back of a statement from Finchley, Clothes & Haberdashery, dated June 1927: "My girl has turned me down. Good-bye forever. Give my love to Mary, Virginia, Nancy, Dick, etc. Good-bye cruel world — Smith."[20]

His brother Dick dropped out of North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering after two semesters to move to New York. By this time Smith Reynolds had switched schools to R.J. Reynolds High School;[21] following lack of success, he followed his brother's lead, dropping out at fifteen to join him and work for the newly founded Reynolds Aviation.[22]

Aviation

Reynolds was an avid sports aviator like his older brother. After the success of Charles Lindbergh’s historic transatlantic flight in 1927, Dick Reynolds took on aviation as a business venture, buying the historic Roosevelt Field, along with the nearby Curtiss and Mitchell fields,[23] and founded airlines Reynolds Aviation and Camel City Flying Service.[24] Unofficial family historian W. Noah Reynolds felt that Smith's interest in aviation came from his brother Dick, as "Smith looked up to his older brother and wanted to do what his older brother did."[25] Nancy Reynolds thought both her brothers "had mechanical, mathematical type of minds."[26] In summer 1926, Smith Reynolds took his first flying lessons from Lewis S. "Mac" McGinnis, a flying instructor for Curtiss Flying School. The brothers would practice takeoffs and landings on the ¾ mile front lawn of the Reynolda bungalow, and perform tricks in the air to terrify their sisters Mary and Nancy.

Smith Reynolds eventually dropped out of school to work for Reynolds Aviation and grow as an independent aviator. A classmate at R.J. Reynolds High School, Egbert Davis Jr., remembered that Reynolds was not interested when Davis invited him to join the local Hi-Y YMCA club: "Smith wanted to spend all his spare time flying."[27] Attesting to his passion, his 1928 financial records show expenses for a new Waco 10 Whirlwind plane, pilot's insurance, aviation club memberships, aviation magazines, parachutes, etc. Nanncy Reynolds recalled that Reynolds and his sister Mary would regularly "[get] a lot of practice barnstorming...They'd go around and have these shows in some farmer's field that he'd mowed up for them."[28] In addition, he participated in the local Winston-Salem aviation community: in September 1928, he won an amateur race at the dedication of Winston-Salem's new airport, Miller Field.[29]

Reynolds earned a private pilot’s license at 16 on August 1, 1928, attested to by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale and personally signed by Orville Wright. In May 1929, he obtained his transport pilot's license and Airframe and Engine mechanic's license; at seventeen, he was the youngest person in the country to hold a transport pilot's license.[30] By then, Reynolds was a sort of local hero within Winston-Salem, and one of the state’s most notable sports aviators during the "Golden Age" of aviation. [31]

1931 journey

Reynolds’ biggest achievement in aviation was the longest point-to-point solo circumnavigation at the time, at 17,000 miles over land, lasting from December 1931 to April 1932. The journey began in London and ended in Hong Kong; in between, flying over territories including the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Syrian Desert, and India.[32] Reynolds began preparing for the trip in spring of 1931, buying a Savoia-Marchetti S.56 biplane, built by American Aeronautical Corporation in Port Washington, New York. The aircraft was specially customized to have a single seat and extra fuel capacity for 1,000 miles cruising range.[33] After purchasing the plane, Reynolds met with a childhood friend, Robert “Slick” Shepherd, a reporter for the Winston-Salem Journal. Reynolds and Shepherd created a business arrangement in which Shepard would ghostwrite the story of the flight around the world and syndicate it through a national press agency. Reynolds requested that it be made to sound exciting and unforgettable, in the spirit of other famous aviation exploits of the day. In return, Shepherd would receive half of the selling price for the story.[34] The journey was delayed by several false starts due to negotiations for flying permits, multiple bouts of illness, and mechanical troubles.[35] Reynolds kept a handwritten flight log, “Log of Aeroplane NR-898W,” documenting his impressions and flight data during the journey, to be referenced for future publication by Shepherd. The log reveals the challenging and often dangerous nature of the trip. The plane went through near constant mechanical problems, leading to numerous forced landings. Reynolds had to fix his own equipment, usually completely alone and in a remote area; he records becoming nearly stranded multiple times. Flying over poorly charted land, he often navigated only by following railroads, rivers, coastlines, or landmarks seen on a road map,[36] as seen in an example from the log:

So after some time getting the motor started, I took off for Rome. I again took a route by way of Genoa and then followed the coast. Until now the weather had been clear, but about 25 miles South of Genoa it began to get cloudy and hazy. In a few minutes I was skimming the top of the water and had a visibility of about 25 yards. There was only one thing to do,— climb through the fog to the top of it. I felt somewhat relieved when, at 2000 feet, I saw the sun. For a few minutes I had been in a rather ticklish position with mountains all around me, to say nothing of boats. The top of the fog was like the top of a table. You could see for miles with an occasional mountain peak coming up above it. This at least told me to a certain extent where land was. (The islands are also mountainous and would come above the fog.) I flew for 1½ hours with never a break in the table top. Just as I was about to give up hope, the stuff cleared off and I was just a couple of miles inland from a perfectly clear coast. I had been a bit worried because my throttle was loose and the motor also seemed to be burning too much gasoline...[37]

The flight was not recorded in popular aviation history. Reynolds was unable to complete the last 270 miles of the route by plane: When flying between Haiphong to Chanchiang, China, the plane almost ditched. Reynolds was forced to lighten the load by throwing supplies overboard in order to take off again. Landing in Chanchiang revealed engine damage that would prevent the plane from operating without extensive repairs; as such, Reynolds made it to Hong Kong by catching a ride on an oil ship. He then cancelled the planned publication of the journey, abandoning the flight log and rescinding the previous offer to Slick Shepherd.[38] Upon returning to the United States, Reynolds settled with his new wife at Reynolda for the remaining summer. He enrolled in New York University’s aeronautical engineering program for the fall of 1932, and hired on a NYU graduate student to tutor him in mathematics in the meantime. Reynolds would die before ever entering into the program.[39]

After Reynolds’ death, his sister Nancy Susan Reynolds had the flight log privately published to honor his memory. The 31 original copies were distributed among family and friends.[40] The pages of the original log have been scanned and digitized for the Southwest Virginia Digital Archive of Virginia Tech.[41] Reprinted copies of the log are sold at the Reynolda House museum gift shop.

The NR 898 aircraft used in the flight was eventually shipped from Hong Kong to Seattle, Washington. It was sold by Reynolds' estate on August 4, 1933; six years later is was destroyed during a hangar fire while being stored in Salem, Oregon.[42] A Savoia-Marchetti S.56C aircraft, like the one used by Reynolda in 1931, is on display at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The aircraft is on long-term loan from the Reynolda House in Winston-Salem.[43]

Personal life

In summer 1929, Reynolds began courting Anne Ludlow Cannon of Concord, North Carolina, an heiress of the Cannon Mills textile fortune. He would fly to Concord in order to take her on rides in his plane. Anne’s father Joe Cannon insisted the couple be married and, one night in November 1929, had the teenagers and himself chauffeured to York, South Carolina, arriving past midnight, to be married in a shotgun wedding. The marriage seemed happy for about a month. However, it quickly deteriorated; at the annual Christmas party in the Winston-Salem Robert E. Lee hotel, Reynolds and Anne got into a fight. After the party, the pair returned to their apartments at the downtown Carolina Hotel to host a dinner, still incensed. In front of Reynolds’ friends, the fight escalated to dramatic proportions Afterwards, he sat at an open window and sullenly threw dinner plates out to the streetcar tracks nine stories down.[44] In a 1980 interview for the Reynolda House Oral History Project, Reynolds' sister Nancy Susan would recall: “I know he had a very bad temper. Really, when he got angry, he was really angry.”[45]

By early 1930, despite Anne being pregnant, the pair had effectively separated. In August 1930, Anne Cannon gave birth to a daughter, Anne Cannon Reynolds, who was sent to live with her grandparents in Blowing Rock, North Carolina.[46]

On January 6, 1930, Reynolds' sister Nancy married Henry Walker Bagley at Reynolda. Charles Brackett was one of the groomsmen; after Reynolds' death, he wrote in his diary on July 6, 1932: "The Reynolds children seemed to me perfect examples of what too much money and too little discipline can produce. The brothers hopped into the bedrooms of the guests to drop eggs on their heads or frighten them with shotguns...the night of the wedding they celebrated by throwing heavy benches from a balcony to the floor of the hall."[47]

About a month into the marriage with Anne, Reynolds’ friend Dwight Deere Wiman, heir to the John Deere tractor fortune, came to Winston-Salem to visit. Wiman was the producer of the current Broadway hit, The Little Show. In April 1930, Reynolds went to see Wiman’s touring company of The Little Show in Baltimore. He was dazzled by Broadway star Libby Holman and her performance, including her signature song Moanin' Low. After being introduced, Reynolds followed up with flowers and notes. Holman would spend the 1929 summer in Florida with her friends; he followed her down in his plane, becoming part of her entourage.[48] Holman would later claim that “Smith asked me to marry him that first summer, almost right after he had met me...I said no, I didn’t think I should marry him because he was so young. And, of course, he hadn’t his divorce yet and was still married. I told him I thought he had better wait a while. Besides, I was in the theater and didn’t think it was fair to marry while still in the theater. He first agreed to that, to wait five years. Then he came to see me and said, ‘You go on in the theater, Libby. I need you now. I never had any love in my life and I want someone like you, and as soon as I get my divorce I want you to marry me. I have been alone all my life.'”[49] Libby’s friends disliked Smith’s brooding attitude but tolerated him as he paid for visits to nightclubs, speakeasies, and mixings with the elite of New York society. His constant presence lead to Clifton Webb calling him Libby's personal mascot: "Smitty, the traveling bear."[50]

Libby Holman in 1930

Libby Holman

Libby Holman had a variety of relationships with both men and women during her lifetime, most prominently with DuPont heiress Louisa d'Andelot Carpenter.[51] Although friendly and affectionate to Reynolds, eight years to junior, friends felt she treated him like an "amiable buffoon."[52] A contemporary remembered of her: “She had a rather unique beauty that was quite apart from what the fashionable magazines might say was currently beautiful. Her eyes and her hair, which she tended to wear in strange and wild fashions compared to the rest of us, were most striking. And she seemed to be able to eat and drink all she wanted to without worrying about her figure. We all felt frightfully sorry for young Smith when she annexed him. She seemed capable of eating him up totally. She was certainly a tough gal. I was often at odds with some of my friends who liked her quite a bit, even though they were terribly jealous of her. I never wanted to see any more of her than I could help. But she was in great demand. And if you wanted to go to the parties, you were sure to run into her.”[53]

Smith continued to follow Libby in his plane, behaving increasingly erratically: in summer of 1930, he rented a cottage nearby Louisa Carpenter’s house, with whom Libby was staying. When the pair sailed to Europe, he had private detectives find where they were staying in Paris, and appeared on their doorstep. After following her back to the US, they quarreled often as he repeatedly implored her to quit her career to marry him. They would descend into fights in front of Libby's friends at the Harlem speakeasies they liked to frequent. After one catastrophic row, he flew west and passed the remaining summer in California and Colorado, though still continued to call Libby regularly on the telephone.[54] Once, he landed in Denver, checked into the Brown Palace Hotel, and called Libby’s apartment drunk. Over the call, he told Libby that if she didn’t promise to marry him, he would kill himself. Libby managed to talk him down and get him to hang up and sleep on it. Furious, she then took a taxi to Clifton Webbs’ house to rant, telling his mother Maybelle that she’d “put herself on the spot for that damn fool kid.”[55]

Libby Holman went on to star in the smash-hit Broadway revue Three's a Crowd. Describing her career at this point, a journalist said: “Her name was the toast of Broadway. In The Little Show she had been a hit. In this new venture, a million hits in one.”[56] Reynolds joined her in New York as the show cycled through over 200 performances; he saw almost every performance, sitting in the front row. Although they began dating and were identified as a couple, they continued to quarrel often; Reynolds would also continue to make threats of suicide to her.[57]

In June 1931, Smith rented a home nearby Libby’s residence in Sands Point, Long Island. Neighbors of her cottage were scandalized at the behavior of Libby and her entourage. They often threw raucous parties and went about mostly nude.[58] While they continued to see each other, tension arose as Libby continued her longtime relationship with Louisa d'Andelot Carpenter. The pair, along with Libby’s sister, Tallulah Bankhead, and her sister Eugenie Bankhead, left Reynolds behind and sailed the Long Island sound for a week on Louisa’s father’s yacht. After their return Reynolds and Libby were able to spend time together, but continuously fought, leading to erratic results.[59] Once, he came across Libby and Louisa together on the couch at her cottage, and immediately turned on his heel and slammed the door. He sped off in his Rolls Royce roadster towards the ocean, driving it off a four-foot retaining wall before crashing it into the waves. He managed to fight to the surface and swim to his yacht anchored half a mile away, and sulked on it for two days without contacting anyone. Neighbors of the cottage became increasingly upset at the dramatics. In another incident, a loud shot rang out from Libby’s cottage, followed by arguing shouts. A group of neighbors crept up to the window to peer in after everything quieted down: instead of a chaotic scene, they only witnessed Libby reading a book, and Smith Reynolds with his head in her lap.[60]

Flight instructor Peter Bonelli later remembered an episode in which Reynolds expressed suicidal inclination. Libby, but not Smith, had been invited to a party hosted by Beatrice Lillie; upon learning he was being excluded, Reynolds hurried to the nearby airfield. Bonelli found him readying his plane for takeoff in tears: "“I thought he had had another fight with Libby - he was always upset after these - and tried to kid him out of his mood...He told me that Beatrice Lillie was trying to break up his affair with Libby, that she was throwing a party for Libby but failed to invite him, although she knew that he was staying at Libby’s cottage.” Then, "He hopped off without giving his motors more than a minute’s warming up. He zoomed up off the ground crazily. I thought he was going to crash. His plane wobbled but he held her nose up, then, straight as a crow flies, he headed out into the ocean...He was gone for seven hours and when he returned he admitted that he had intended flying straight out until, gas exhausted, he would fall into the ocean. The least little mechanical trouble would have finished him.”[61]

On the opposite side of the spectrum, Reynolds also showered Libby with affection: once, he flew a low-flying plane over the Sands Point house, dropping rose petals by hand along the cottage's private walk to the beach.[62]

During the investigation into Reynolds' death in 1932, Libby would claim that Reynolds was deathly afraid of being kidnapped for his money. She described incidents she witnessed of his paranoia, such as leaving a dummy on top of his bed, while he himself slept under it; lurking around the house with a pistol if he heard a strange noise; accidentally firing said pistol inside the cottage on one occasion; and, once, upon hearing people talking outside the house, jumping out the back window and running two miles for the police. However, biographers Patrick Reynolds and Tom Shachtman doubt the veracity of these statements. Police reports describing any of these incidents were never filed; furthermore, Libby claimed he was petrified of kidnappers before the time that the Lindbergh kidnapping had gripped the national public consciousness.[63]

Divorce and Remarriage

On August 26, Reynolds had his Savoia-Marchetti plane hauled aboard the Cunard liner RMS Berengaria and sailed to Southampton, then flying to London, to begin his 1931 round-the-world flight. However, he contracted the flu while staying in a London hotel. He wrote a despondent letter to Libby while feeling horribly ill: "I have been sick. I don't know what's the matter, but I never felt more like dying in a long time." Libby wrote back recommending he return home. He responded in September, cabling her: "Why return now? Meet you later — but suicide is preferable. This is the last cable. Love, Smith." The same day, she also received a previously-sent letter: "Darling Angel. I would gladly come home if you were not going on with the show. I'll gladly give up this trip or anything I have to devote all my time to you, if you would do the same for me. If I get to the point where I simply cannot stand it without you for another minute, well, there's the old Mauser with a few cartridges in it. I guess I've had my inning. It's time another team went to bat."[64] In their book The Gilded Leaf, biographers Patrick Reynolds and Shachtman speculate that Reynolds' repeated references to suicide were a form of emotional manipulation to obtain affection from Holman.[65]

Complications from the flu soon developed into a mastoid infection, forcing him to return to the United States for treatment. After a successful surgery, he took the opportunity to spend a weekend in Winston-Salem at Reynolda to recuperate. He invited and took Libby, who was on tour for Three's a Crowd, along with him. Upon arriving, he took her up in a plane and circled the estate from above, thoroughly impressing her. Reynolds held a party for her that night with his Winston-Salem friends at Reynolda. She sang "Moanin' Low," "Body and Soul", and other of her signature torch songs.[66]

After she returned north to continue the Three's a Crowd tour, Reynolds flew Anne Cannon out to Reno, Nevada, known informally as the "Divorce Capital of the World." In 1927, the required residency for citizenship — and then a divorce — was only six months; in 1931, it was further reduced to only six weeks.[67] A variety of "divorce ranches" were created to cater to the wealthy coming to seek "quickie" divorces. Anne Cannon stayed at the "Lazy Me" ranch owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr. to put in her residency. In the deposition of the divorce, Cannon reported that Reynolds would curse at her and made her feel “terribly nervous and upset.” Reynolds testified that they separated because of social differences: “She likes big parties and I like small parties." The divorce was finalized November 23, 1931.[68] The terms of the separation included that Cannon would receive $500,000 of the trust he would come into, with their infant daughter Anne Reynolds receiving the same amount.[69] In his 1932 diary, after Reynolds' death, Charles Brackett wrote: "... Smith Reynolds, when he came to New York, evidently felt a Theda Bara lure in her [Libby] and they were married. I am sorry to report that Howard Dietz [Libby's friend] tells me that early in the acquaintance Libby said, "'If the Cannon girl got a million out of this, why shouldn’t I get five million?'"[70]

Six days later, on November 29, 1931, Smith Reynolds married Libby Holman in the parlor of Monroe, Michigan's Justice of the Peace. Michigan was the only state at the time where a minor could marry without a guardian's consent. There was no time for a honeymoon: the new Libby Reynolds left to go back on tour, and Smith Reynolds took his 17,000 mile journey. They both agreed to meet in Hong Kong for an official honeymoon. After the trip was over, the couple returned to the United States and settled for the summer at Reynolda.[71]

Death

Reynolds died under mysterious circumstances from a shot to his head from a semi-automatic Mauser .32 caliber pistol on the early morning of July 6, 1932, after a 21st birthday party for his friend Charles Gideon Hill, Jr. (July 5, 1911 - October 18, 1960), Reynolds' childhood friend and Anne Cannon's first cousin.

Lake Katharine boathouse in 1919, at which the party took place in 1932.

Reynolds was shot and fell unconscious on the East sleeping porch of the Reynolda House. After the party guests had left, the only people in the house aside from Reynolds and Holman were Albert "Ab" Bailey Walker, Reynolds' boyhood friend and personal assistant, and actress Blanche Yurka, friend of Libby. Walker reported during the inquest to Reynolds' death that he heard a gunshot while downstairs, and immediately afterwards Holman had run to the balcony and shouted, "Smith's killed himself!"Walker said he found Reynolds bleeding and unconscious upstairs, with a bullet wound in his right temple. With Holman and Yurka's help, Walker brought Reynolds to North Carolina Baptist Hospital.

Ground view of the East sleeping porch where Smith Reynolds was shot

Reynolds was pronounced dead at 5:25 am. On the same day, the Forsyth County coroner announced the death as a suicide.[72] However, a coroner's inquiry subsequently proclaimed that the death was the result of a bullet fired by ‘a person or persons unknown.’. The terminology was tailored to legally exclude Reynolds as the firer of the gun, ruling out suicide and suggesting murder instead. Both Walker and Holman were considered suspects in his death and were eventually both indicted for first-degree murder of Reynolds — Holman for the murder itself and Walker as an accomplice. The murder attracted national attention. Reporters printed allegations that Holman had conducted an affair with Walker. Reynolds' uncle William Neal Reynolds told the district attorney that the family supported dropping the charges; the prosecutor eventually did so for lack of evidence, and no trial was ever held.

Zachary Smith Reynolds is buried in the Salem Cemetery in Winston-Salem.

Reynolds family grave in Salem Cemetery, Winston-Salem, NC.

Legacy

Reynolds' siblings underwent a prolonged fight to receive their share of Reynolds' estate, after which they established a trust in his name that provided for his namesake foundation, the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. The foundation's first grant in 1937 went towards the North Carolina State Health Department's activities to treat venereal disease in North Carolinians, with $1.5 million being contributed over the course of the 10-year grant. The Foundation's financial gifts were instrumental in moving all of Wake Forest University from Wake Forest, North Carolina to Winston-Salem in 1956. Additional activities include the creation of the Mary Reynolds Babcock Professorship at Davidson College; Katharine Smith Reynolds Scholarships at University of North Carolina at Greensboro; scholarships for the Stouffer Foundation, created by Z. Smith's daughter Anne Cannon Forsyth and named for Anne Cannon, her mother.[73]

In addition, the local airport, Smith Reynolds Airport, and the main library at Wake Forest University, the "Z. Smith Reynolds Library" (informally referred to as "ZSR" library[74]) are named in his honor.[75] Formally known as Miller Municipal Airport, in 1942 the airport was renamed to Smith Reynolds after the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation gave funds for its expansion and modernization, allowing it to increase commercial service.[76]

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Bibliography

Brackett, Charles. "It's the Pictures That Got Small": Charles Brackett on Billy Wilder and Hollywood's Golden Age. Columbia University Press, December 16, 2014. ISBN 9780231538220
Bradshaw, Jon. Dreams That Money Can Buy: The Tragic Life of Libby Holman. William Morrow & Co, March 1, 1985. ISBN 0688011586
Faderman, Lillian. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-century America. Columbia University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-231-07488-9
Gillespie, Michele. Katharine and R. J. Reynolds: Partners of Fortune in the Making of the New South. University of Georgia Press, October 1, 2012. ISBN 0820332267
Reynolds, Zachary Smith. Log of Aeroplane NR-898W. Reynolda House Museum of American Art, 2003. [Republished version. Introduction and notes by Barbara Babcock Millhouse.]
Mayer, Barbara. Reynolda: A History of an American Country House. Blair, April 1, 1997. ISBN 0895871556
Machlin, Milt. Libby. Tower & Leisure Sales Co, July 1, 1980. ISBN 0505515334
Perry, Hamilton Darby. Libby Holman: Body and Soul. Little Brown & Co, October 1, 1983. ISBN 0316700142
Reynolds, Patrick. The Gilded Leaf: Triumph, Tragedy, and Tobacco: Three Generations of the R. J. Reynolds Family and Fortune. Little Brown & Co. ISBN 0595838316
Tilley, Nannie M. The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5766-3
Tursi, Frank (1994). Winston-Salem: A History. J.F. Blair, 1994. ISBN 0895871157