17th Special Operations Squadron

The 17th Special Operations Squadron (17 SOS) is an inactivated unit, previously part of the United States Air Force 353d Special Operations Group at Kadena Air Base, Japan. It operated MC-130J Commando II aircraft providing special operations capability. Air crews are specially trained in day and night, low-level delivery of troops and equipment via airdrop or airland operations and flying using night vision goggles.

17th Special Operations Squadron
Lockheed MC-130J Commando IIs of the squadron taxiing down the Kadena Air Base runway during an exercise
Active1942–1946; 1952–1953; 1969–1971; 1989–2020
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleSpecial Operations
Part ofAir Force Special Operations Command
Garrison/HQKadena Air Base
Motto(s)No Mission Too Demanding[1]
Mascot(s)Jackal
EngagementsSouthwest Pacific Theater
Vietnam War
Decorations
Insignia
17th Special Operations Squadron emblem (approved 21 December 2011)[2]
17th Special Operations Squadron emblem (approved 19 July 1993)[2]
17th Special Operations Squadron emblem[3] (approved 28 June 1990)[4]
17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) emblem (approved 4 May 1943)[5]

The squadron traces its lineage back to the 17th Observation Squadron, constituted and activated in 1942 during World War II. After being redesignated as the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment), the squadron flew North American B-25 Mitchells in the New Guinea campaign, the Philippines Campaign, and over Japan on armed reconnaissance missions. The 17th was inactivated after the end of the war. It was reactivated and inactivated unmanned as the 17th Liaison Squadron in the early 1950s. The 17th Special Operations Squadron was activated in 1969 to provide AC-119G Shadow gunship air support during the Vietnam War. It was inactivated in 1971 with the drawdown of United States forces in Vietnam. During the 1980s the lineages of the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment), 17th Liaison Squadron, and the 17th Special Operations Squadron were consolidated as the 17th Special Operations Squadron, and it was activated in 1989 in Kadena. In 2020, the unit consolidated with the 1st Special Operations Squadron.

Mission

Equipped with the MC-130P Combat Shadow, the squadron is tasked with providing aerial refueling to special operations helicopters. Air crews are specially trained in day and night, low-level delivery of troops and equipment via airdrop or airland operations and flying using night vision goggles.[6]

History

World War II

The 17th Observation Squadron (Light) was constituted on 5 February 1942 and activated on 2 March 1942 at Providence, Rhode Island with Air Force Combat Command. On the same day the squadron moved to Salinas Army Air Base, California, joining the 71st Observation Group there. It was equipped with Stinson L-1 Vigilant, Douglas O-46, North American O-47, and Curtiss O-52 Owl light observation aircraft. From around May to around September it flew antisubmarine patrols off west coast of the United States. On 4 July, the squadron was redesignated the 17th Observation Squadron. Between 1942 and 1943 the 17th was reequipped with Douglas A-20 Havoc, Bell P-39 Airacobra and the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. On 24 January it was moved to Esler Field, Louisiana. The 17th was relocated to Laurel Army Airfield, Mississippi, on 31 March, where it was redesignated as the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) and began training on the North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, in preparation for combat in the South-West Pacific Area.[5][7]

After completing its training, the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron was sent to Milne Bay in New Guinea, where it arrived on 6 November. It moved forward to Dobodura Airfield on 22 November, flying its first combat mission on 28 January 1944.[5] The 17th flew armed reconnaissance missions, conducting long range and photo reconnaissance while attacking targets of opportunity. It inflicted damage on Japanese shipping in the Bismarck Sea and the Solomon Sea, destroying several ships.[7] On 23 February, three B-25s from the squadron flew unopposed at low altitude for 90 minutes over Manus Island and Los Negros Island, checking for the presence of Japanese troops and finding no signs of activity, concluding erroneously that the islands had been evacuated.[8] On 27 February, when the Battle of Los Negros began with an Allied landing on that island, three B-25s from the squadron sortied to provide a smoke screen for the invasion beaches if required, but were not used due to cloud cover.[9]

The squadron moved up to Finschhafen in March, remaining there until 30 June.[5] Aerial reconnaissance photographs taken by the squadron provided the information for a 28 March strike by planes from the planes from the 70th Fighter Squadron on the main Japanese seaplane base in the Solomon Islands in the Tuha Channel between Shortland Island and Poporang Island, which claimed eight float planes and a destroyer.[10] The squadron conducted daily search missions along the coast from Finschhafen to Geelvink Bay, blockading the port of Hollandia and inflicting heavy losses on its shipping along with other Allied air and naval assets. In April, the 17th sank three "sea trucks" (small wooden cargo ships).[11] On 7 April, it cooperated with a PT boat raid against Karkar Island.[12] Following two days of bad weather, twelve B-25s from the 17th Squadron successfully dropped food and supplies to the 21st Infantry, who had made the main landing at Hollandia, at Dazai on 26 April.[13] On 28 April, twelve B-25s of the 17th attacked coastal targets between Sarmi and Sawar.[14] The squadron's aerial photography during that week revealed that the Sarmi area was too heavily manned by Japanese to build an airfield there.[15]

Its air echelon was moved up to Wakde on 25 May to provide air cover for the invasion of Biak, leaving the ground crews behind at Finschhafen.[16] On 27 May, when the invasion of Biak began, four B-25s from the squadron provided the first air cover for the invasion troops shortly after first light.[17] The 17th's aircraft provided direct air support to the troops on Biak when called upon, but were endangered by trigger-happy friendly anti-aircraft gunners. On 28 May, a B-25 from the squadron that was cleared to drop pictures on the beachhead was shot down by friendly fire.[18] The Japanese began attempted to send a reinforcement convoy of troop-laden destroyers to Biak on 8 June after an air raid on Wakde on the night of 5–6 June damaged many Allied aircraft, leaving the 17th Squadron the only aviation unit available to intercept the first convoy. Ten B-25s from the squadron led by squadron commander Major William G. Tennille Jr., spotted the convoy, which they reported to consist of two cruisers and four destroyers, at 1250 hours near Amsterdam Island. Two larger destroyers were misidentified as cruisers. The squadron made a low-level attack, sinking the destroyer Harusame and damaging three other ships. Three aircraft, including Tennille's plane, were shot down, and the remainder were so badly damaged by anti-aircraft fire that the entire 17th Reconnaissance air echelon was sent back to Finschhafen two days later to reform.[19][5] Tennille and Lieutenant Howard Wood posthumously received the Distinguished Service Cross for their actions.[7]

On 27 June the replenished air echelon began moving to recently captured Mokmer Airfield on Biak, completing the move by 2 July.[20] It was joined by the ground echelon after 30 June.[5] On 2 July, the squadron sent three missions of B-25s to provide air support to the invasion troops in the Battle of Noemfoor, bombing and strafing Japanese positions.[21] On 20 August, the squadron's B-25s conducted low level photography over the Talaud Islands, covered by a bombing raid from the 345th Bombardment Group.[22] The 17th was originally planned to relocated to Morotai after the capture of its airfields in October, but the move was cancelled so that it could prepare for relocation to Tacloban on Leyte after the Allied landings on that island.[23]

On 2 November its ground echelon landed at Tacloban,[24] although the air echelon remained primarily at Biak until 23 December, when it was flown into Elmore Field at San Jose on Mindoro.[5][25] The 17th Reconnaissance flew reconnaissance missions over Luzon, providing Allied forces with intelligence on Japanese positions, troop movements, and supply routes. Crews from the squadron bombed Japanese airfields in Formosa and China. On 30 December, the 17th and 110th Reconnaissance Squadron cooperated with the 675th Bombardment Squadron to attack a Japanese convoy off northwest Luzon, sinking a frigate and three cargo vessels. At Elmore the squadron's operations were limited by a crew shortage, which prompted Fifth Air Force commander Major General Ennis Whitehead to request crews from Far East Air Forces (FEAF) on 1 January 1945.[26] In the first week of January, the FEAF Combat Replacement and Training Center sent the needed B-25 crews to the squadron.[27] The ground echelon arrived at Elmore on 7 January.[5]

On 4 April, the 17th moved to Lingayen in northern Luzon as the advance through the Philippines continued. On 29 July, the squadron moved to Ie Shima, leaving a detachment behind at Lingayen until September. It flew reconnaissance missions over Japan to assess the results of Allied bombing raids, locate prisoner of war camps, and photograph Japanese troop positions. The squadron flew its last combat mission on 25 July 1945.[5][2][7]

Postwar

Around 21 October, the squadron was attached to the 91st Reconnaissance Wing, and it moved to Yokota Air Base on 26 October. It was attached to V Bomber Command on 10 November. The 17th was permanently assigned to V Bomber Command on 1 February 1946, and was inactivated at Yokota on 27 April.[5]

The 17th Liaison Squadron was constituted on 19 September 1952 and activated unmanned at McChord Air Force Base on 20 October 1952. It was part of the Western Air Defense Force and was inactivated on 25 September 1953.[2]

Vietnam War

The 17th Special Operations Squadron (17 SOS) was constituted on 11 April 1969 and activated on 1 June, at Nha Trang Air Base during the Vietnam War with the 14th Special Operations Wing. It was equipped with Fairchild AC-119G Shadow gunships[7] and replaced the 71st Special Operations Squadron, which relocated to the United States for inactivation. The 17 SOS absorbed around two-thirds of the 71st SOS' personnel, with the remainder being reservists who were transferred to inactive status days after their return to the United States. By the end of June, the squadron, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Richard E. Knie, had trained replacements and begun routine operations. At the end of the year, it was divided into three flights, operating from different bases: A Flight with four aircraft at Tuy Hoa Air Base, B Flight with seven at Phan Rang Air Base, and C Flight at Tan Son Nhut Air Base.[28]

An AC-119G of the 17th SOS over Tan Son Nhut Air Base, 29 October 1969

AC-119 crews from the squadron provided airbase defense, close air support, and armed reconnaissance. Four gunships were damaged in combat and on 6 August another was hit by .50 caliber rounds in the fuselage and an engine, causing an engine fire and extensive damage. The 17th's main support base was relocated to Phan Rang Air Base on 15 August. Due to the pressure on aircraft maintenance, the squadron put in relief from at least one Shadow mission per night in the last half of August. The maintenance situation was aggravated by corrosion-control work, maintenance inspections, and part supply disruptions due to unit movements. On 11 October, Shadow 76 was destroyed and six crewmembers killed when it crashed upon takeoff for a mission from Tan Son Nhut, the squadron's first aircraft loss. Another gunship was severely damaged on 10 November when its right landing gear collapsed on landing at Chu Lai Air Base.[29]

An AC-119G of the squadron at Nha Trang, 1969

A decrease in the number of missions, a decline in enemy activity, and worsening weather slightly changed the "seek and destroy" gunship concept of the first half of the year to a "combat air patrol" role. By mid-December most of the problems of the squadron had been eased, improving the squadron's situation.[29] During its first six months of operations, the squadron's crews flew 2,000 sorties and 8,000 combat hours, fired 20 million rounds of ammunition, expended 12,000 flares, killed 800 enemy, destroyed 150 sampans, and recorded 800 secondary explosions despite aircraft corrosion and equipment issues, reorganization, and retraining of aircrew and support personnel. No outpost was overrun while it was being supported by the gunships.[30]

Unofficial squadron emblem painted on squadron headquarters at Phan Rang

In early 1970, enemy action declined so much that more mission were directed to border areas with more interdiction targets. The gunships conducted nighttime armed reconnaissance in specific strike zones known as Shadow boxes, flying a TACAN radial to a location in the box, then dropping position markers and locating targets. Between 1 April and 22 May, the 17 SOS provided nighttime cover for the besieged CIDG camps at Dak Seang and Dak Pek. With the assistance of AC-119K Stingers from the 18th Special Operations Squadron, the Shadows flew one to two sorties a night. During the siege of the camps, the squadrons flew 147 sorties and expended 2,380,161 7.62mm rounds and 21,796 20mm rounds. They also illuminated drop zones for C-7A Caribous resupplying the camps. From 3 April to 31 May, the AC-119Gs based at Tan Son Nhut tested a portable UHF receiver for signals transmitted by ground sensors. On 18 April, Shadow 77 picked up signals in a sensor field, firing nearly 6,000 7.62mm rounds that night and 28,500 rounds on the next night after again detecting movement, as well as assisting an airstrike in the area. 150 enemy bodies were discovered and 17 prisoners captured along with nine crew-served weapons and 67 individual weapons in a subsequent ground sweep. After the conclusion of the testing period, the final assessment recommended that the receivers be permanently placed in the AC-119.[31]

A Flight was relocated to Phù Cát Air Base on 12 April, taking over the 18 SOS facilities there.[32] On 28 April, an AC-119G from the 17 SOS, Shadow 78, crashed on takeoff from Tan Son Nhut after an engine failure, killing six of the eight crewmembers.[33] From 5 May 1970, the squadron began flying in the Cambodian Campaign after United States forces moved into Cambodia to prop up the Cambodian Army and capture North Vietnamese base camps, and its air support was credited with lifting the siege of Kampong Thom. The 17th's crews flew 32 missions in three days at Kampong Thom and expanded over 500,000 7.62mm rounds during the campaign.[7] Although the ground campaign ended on 30 June, the gunships continued to provide air support to the Cambodian Army and on 1 August the gunships began daytime air interdiction due to the lack of effective enemy antiaircraft fire in the country.[34]

Between 10 October and 27 November, the squadron moved more aircraft to Tan Son Nhut from Phan Rang and Phù Cát due to operational needs in Cambodia. On 7 December, the 17 SOS was ordered to fly night support missions for Laotian forces on the Bolaven Plateau after several Lima Sites were surrounded by enemy forces. Three gunships and four crews were relocated from Phan Rang to Phù Cát, and air support enabled the Lima Sites to reset defenses in around five days. Between 12 and 15 December, 32 squadron missions expended 555,800 7.62mm rounds and 128 flares in support of the Cambodian Army defense of Prey Totung.[35] On 29 December, A Flight was inactivated at Phù Cát, and its personnel and equipment transferred to B Flight at Phan Rang. At the end of the year, B Flight at Phan Rang had seven gunships and C Flight at Tan Son Nhut had nine gunships.[36]

As a result of the Vietnamization policy, the squadron began training Republic of Vietnam Air Force pilots on the gunships in early 1971, and turned over its aircraft to the 819th Combat Squadron on 24 September 1971.[7][37] The squadron was inactivated days later on 30 September.[2]

Kadena Special Operations Squadron

On 19 September 1985, the lineages of the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron, 17th Liaison Squadron, and the 17th Special Operations Squadron were consolidated as the 17th Special Operations Squadron, although the unit remained inactive. The 17 SOS was reactivated on 1 August 1989, part of the 353d Special Operations Wing (later the 353d Special Operations Group) at Kadena Air Base, equipped with Lockheed HC-130P/N Combat Shadow search and rescue transport (later redesignated the MC-130P/N to reflect its special operations role).[2]

An HC-130 taxiing on the runway at Chittagong, 30 April 1991 after arrival to support Operation Sea Angel

Since then, the squadron has provided covert aerial refueling for special operations helicopters and infiltrated, exfiltrated, and resupplied special operations forces. From 16 to 31 July 1990, after the 1990 Luzon earthquake, the squadron's aircraft shuttled fuel between Kadena and San Fernando to Marine and Philippine Air Force helicopters participating in relief efforts after fuel shortages threatened the stoppage of the relief operations, alongside the 1st Special Operations Squadron. During the operation, the two squadrons pumped 377,000 pounds of fuel.[38] In late April 1991, after the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone caused extensive devastation, two HC-130s were sent to transport international relief supplies to Chittagong in Operation Sea Angel, where the supplies were transferred to helicopters for the journey inland. By early June the aircraft had returned to Kadena after the conclusion of the operation.[39]

In late June, after Clark Air Base was closed by the Mount Pinatubo eruption, the squadron commander helped establish a temporary beddown location for the 353d Wing at Kadena. On 2 July, the squadron provided a HC-130 escort for a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy transporting a Sikorsky MH-53 from the 31st Special Operations Squadron relocating from Clark Air Base to Futenma.[40][41] During the summer and fall of 1992, the squadron was scheduled to convert to the Lockheed MC-130H Combat Talon II. Due to lack of spares and test equipment, its conversion was postponed to the summer of 1995.[42] In February 1993, the 17th SOS was grounded for ten days due to a flying hours reduction caused by budget issues.[43] In January 1994, under the Commando Vision plan, it was decided that the squadron would not convert to the Combat Talon and would instead retain its Combat Shadows.[44]

In 1994, it deployed crews to the Middle East for Operation Provide Comfort, augmenting personnel at Incirlik Air Base. Six months later, the squadron deployed to Dhahran for Operation Southern Watch. In 1995, the 17th sent an aircraft to participate in Exercise Teak Iroquois 95-4, the first military-to-military exercises with the Indian Air Force.[45] In December 1996, the 17th deployed a Combat Shadow crew to San Vito Air Station in support of Operation Joint Guard in the Kosovo War. This was the first time that a crew from the squadron flew combat hours since Vietnam.[7]

A Combat Shadow taking off from Langkawi in support of Operation Unified Assistance, January 2005

On 26 December 2004, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused widespread destruction in the region. The squadron deployed aircraft and personnel to Bangkok in order to aid relief efforts in Operation Unified Assistance.[46] After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March of that year, the squadron deployed to Yokota Air Base to support the relief effort in Operation Tomodachi, returning to Kadena in early April.[47] The squadron supported Operation Damayan, the relief effort in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013.[48] In December 2014, the squadron began reequipping with the more advanced Lockheed MC-130J Commando II,[49] replacing its Combat Shadows.[50]

Lineage

17th Reconnaissance Squadron

  • Constituted as 17th Observation Squadron (Light) on 5 February 1942
Activated on 2 March 1942
Redesignated 17th Observation Squadron on 4 July 1942
Redesignated 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) on 2 April 1943
Inactivated on 27 April 1946
  • Consolidated with 17th Liaison Squadron and 17th Special Operations Squadron as 17th Special Operations Squadron on 19 September 1985

17th Liaison Squadron

  • Constituted as 17th Liaison Squadron on 19 September 1952
Activated on 20 October 1952
Inactivated on 25 September 1953
  • Consolidated with 17th Reconnaissance Squadron and 17th Special Operations Squadron as 17th Special Operations Squadron on 19 September 1985

17th Special Operations Squadron

  • Constituted as 17th Special Operations Squadron on 11 April 1969
Activated on 1 June 1969
Inactivated on 30 September 1971
  • Consolidated with 17th Reconnaissance Squadron and 17th Liaison Squadron on 19 September 1985 (remained inactive)
Activated on 1 August 1989[2]

Assignments

Bases stationed

Aircraft

References

Notes
  1. Approved 30 July 1990. Endicott, p. 455
  2. Haulman, Daniel L. (2 November 2016). "17 Special Operations Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  3. "Approved insignia for: 17th Special Operations Squadron". National Archives Catalog. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  4. Endicott, p. 455
  5. Maurer 1982, pp. 96–97.
  6. "353rd Special Operations Group". 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  7. "17th Special Operations Squadron History". 353rd Special Operations Group. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  8. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 559.
  9. Craven & Cate 1950, pp. 562, 564.
  10. Craven & Cate 1950, pp. 211–212.
  11. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 599.
  12. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 601.
  13. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 607.
  14. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 624.
  15. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 620.
  16. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 629.
  17. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 635.
  18. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 637.
  19. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 638.
  20. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 642.
  21. Craven & Cate 1950, p. 658.
  22. Craven & Cate 1981, p. 300.
  23. Craven & Cate 1981, p. 313.
  24. Craven & Cate 1981, p. 387.
  25. Craven & Cate 1981, p. 398.
  26. Craven & Cate 1981, p. 401.
  27. Craven & Cate 1981, p. 407.
  28. Ballard 1982, p. 203.
  29. Ballard 1982, p. 208.
  30. Ballard 1982, pp. 205–206.
  31. Ballard 1982, pp. 208–209.
  32. Ballard 1982, p. 213.
  33. Head 2007, p. 223.
  34. Ballard 1982, p. 211.
  35. Ballard 1982, p. 217.
  36. Ballard 1982, p. 219.
  37. Ballard 1982, p. 253.
  38. Thigpen 2001, pp. 338–339.
  39. Thigpen 2001, p. 369.
  40. Whitcomb 2012, p. 341.
  41. Thigpen 2001, p. 374.
  42. Thigpen 2001, pp. 377–378.
  43. Thigpen 2001, p. 388.
  44. Thigpen 2001, p. 401.
  45. Thigpen 2001, p. 411.
  46. D'Angina, James (19 March 2010). "Celebrating 20 years at Kadena". 353rd Special Operations Group. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  47. Cram, Aaron (6 April 2011). "Special Operations Airmen supporting Operation TOMODACHI reposition to Okinawa". 353rd Special Operations Group. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  48. Dreyer, Kristine (27 January 2014). "353rd SOG supports Operations Damayan". 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  49. Reft, Peter (24 February 2016). "17th SOS launches Pacific region's first MC-130J Commando II five-ship formation flight". 18th Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  50. Saltekoff, Alexy (30 December 2014). "17th Special Operations Squadron begins upgrade to MC-130J". 18th Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 23 September 2017.

Bibliography
Rohfleisch, Kramer J (1953). "Target Rabaul, Chapter 7, The Central Solomons". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Mortenson, Capt Bernhardt L; Futrell, Frank (1953). "Pacific Junction, Chapter 17, The Admiralties". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Futrell, Frank (1953). "Pacific Junction, Chapter 18, Hollandia". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Futrell, Frank (1953). "Pacific Junction, Chapter 19, Final Victory in New Guinea". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Futrell, Frank (1953). "Return to the Philippines, Chapter 10, Prelude to Invasion". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Futrell, Frank (1953). "Return to the Philippines, Chapter 12, Leyte". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Futrell, Frank (1953). "Return to the Philippines, Chapter 13, Mindoro". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.