1894 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1894 United States House of Representatives elections were held from June 4, 1894 to November 6, 1894, with special elections throughout the year. Elections were held to elect representatives from all 356 congressional districts across each of the 46 U.S. states at the time, as well as non-voting delegates from the inhabited U.S. territories. The winners of this election served in the 54th Congress, with seats apportioned among the states based on the 1890 United States Census.

1894 United States House of Representatives elections

June 4, 1894[lower-alpha 1] – November 6, 1894[lower-alpha 2]
All 356 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives elections[lower-alpha 3] 179 seats needed for a majority
Leader Thomas Brackett Reed Charles Frederick Crisp Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat Maine 1st Georgia 3rd Last election 124 seats 218 seats Seats before 143 seats[lower-alpha 4] 198 seats[lower-alpha 5] Seats won 253[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] 93[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] Seat change 110 105 Popular vote 5,442,266 4,252,292 Percentage 48.27% 37.72% Swing 7.45% 9.66%   Party Populist Silver Last election 11 seats 1 seat Seats before 13 seats 1 seat Seats won 9[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] 1[lower-alpha 6] Seat change 4 Popular vote 1,242,242 4,581 Percentage 11.02% 0.04% Swing 2.73% 0.02%   Party Independent Last election 2 seats Seats before 2 seats Seats won 0 Seat change 2 Popular vote 82,148 Percentage 0.73% Swing 0.08%
Speaker before election Charles Crisp Democratic Elected Speaker Thomas Reed Republican

The elections comprised a significant political realignment, with a major Republican landslide that set the stage for the decisive election of 1896. The elections of members of the United States House of Representatives in 1894 came in the middle of Democratic President Grover Cleveland's second term. The nation was in its deepest economic depression at the time following the Panic of 1893 that pushed economic issues to the forefront. In the spring, a major coal strike damaged the economy of the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic. It was accompanied by violence; the miners lost and many joined the Populist Party. Immediately after the coal strike concluded, Eugene V. Debs led a nationwide railroad strike, called the Pullman Strike. It shut down the nation's transportation system west of Detroit for weeks, until President Cleveland's use of federal troops ended the strike. Debs went to prison for disobeying a court order. Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld, a Democrat, broke bitterly with Cleveland.

The fragmented and disoriented Democratic Party was crushed everywhere outside of the South, losing more than 55% of its seats to the Republican Party. The Democrats did so poorly that even in the South, they lost seats to the Republican-Populist electoral fusion in Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.[2][3] The Democrats ultimately lost 127 seats in this election, with the Republicans gaining 130 seats after the resolution of several contested elections.

The 1894 election is the largest seat swing in the history of the House of Representatives. As of 2020, the only other occasion where a political party has suffered triple-digit losses was in 1932.

The main issues revolved around the severe economic depression, which the Republicans blamed on the conservative Bourbon Democrats led by Cleveland. Cleveland supporters lost heavily, weakening their hold on the party and setting the stage for an 1896 takeover by the free silver wing of the party. The Populist Party ran candidates in the South and Midwest, but generally lost ground outside of the South. The Democrats tried to raise a religious issue, claiming the GOP was in cahoots with the anti-Catholic American Protective Association; the allegations seem to have fallen flat as Catholics swung towards the GOP.[4]

Election summaries

↓

93	10	254
Democratic	[lower-alpha 8]	Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic		Populist		Republican		Silver
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District	9	5	4	2	2	2	2	0
Arkansas	District	6	6		0		0		0
California	District	7	1	2	0	1	6	3	0
Colorado	District	2	0		1	1	1	1	0
Connecticut	District	4	0	3	0		4	3	0
Delaware	At-large	1	0	1	0		1	1	0
Florida	District	2	2		0		0		0
Georgia	District	11	11		0		0		0
Idaho	At-large	1	0		0		1		0
Illinois	District	22	0	11	0		22	11	0
Indiana	District	13	0	11	0		13	11	0
Iowa	District	11	0	1	0		11	1	0
Kansas	District +at-large	8	0		1	4	7	4	0
Kentucky	District	11	5	5	0		6	5	0
Louisiana	District	6	6		0		0		0
Maine[lower-alpha 9]	District	4	0		0		4		0
Maryland	District	6	3	3	0		3	3	0
Massachusetts	District	13	1	3	0		12	3	0
Michigan	District	12	0	5	0		12	5	0
Minnesota	District	7	0	2	0	1	7	3	0
Mississippi	District	7	7		0		0		0
Missouri	District	15	4	9	0		11	9	0
Montana	At-large	1	0		0		1		0
Nebraska	District	6	0	1	1	1	5	2	0
Nevada	At-large	1	0	1	0		0		1	1
New Hampshire	District	2	0		0		2		0
New Jersey	District	8	0	6	0		8	6	0
New York	District	34	4	16	0		30	16	0
North Carolina	District	9	2	6	4	4	3	2	0
North Dakota	At-large	1	0		0		1		0
Ohio	District	21	2	9	0		19	9	0
Oregon[lower-alpha 9]	District	2	0		0		2		0
Pennsylvania	District +2 at-large	30	2	8	0		28	8	0
Rhode Island	District	2	0	2	0		2	2	0
South Carolina	District	7	6		0		1		0
South Dakota	At-large	2	0		0		2		0
Tennessee	District	10	6	2	0		4	2	0
Texas	District	13	12	1	0		1	1	0
Vermont[lower-alpha 9]	District	2	0		0		2		0
Virginia	District	10	8	2	0		2	2	0
Washington	At-large	2	0		0		2		0
West Virginia	District	4	0	4	0		4	4	0
Wisconsin	District	10	0	6	0		10	6	0
Wyoming	At-large	1	0	1	0		1	1	0
Total[lower-alpha 3]		356	93[lower-alpha 6] 26.1%	107	9[lower-alpha 6] 2.5%	4	253[lower-alpha 6] 71.1%	110	1[lower-alpha 6] 0.3%	1

Popular vote Republican   48.27% Democratic   37.72% Populist   11.02% Silver   0.04% Independent   0.73% Others   2.22%

House seats Republican   71.07% Democratic   26.12% Populist   2.53% Silver   0.28%

[[File:54 us house membership.png|thumb|450px| House seats by party holding plurality in state   80+% Democratic     80+% Republican   60+ to 80% Democratic     60+ to 80% Republican   Up to 60% Democratic   Up to 60% Populist   Up to 60% Republican ]]

[[File:54 us house changes.png|thumb|450px| Net gain in party representation   6+ Democratic gain     6+ Republican gain   3 to 5 Democratic gain     3 to 5 Republican gain   1 to 2 Democratic gain   1 to 2 Populist gain   1 to 2 Republican gain   no net change ]]

Special elections

15 special elections took place in 1894 leading up to and following the general election. They are listed below in order of election date then by state and district. Republicans flipped 3 seats in the special elections in New York's 14th, Kentucky's 9th, and Maryland's 5th congressional districts.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 7	Charles T. O'Ferrall	Democratic	1884 (Special)	Incumbent resigned December 28, 1893 after being elected Governor of Virginia. New member elected January 30, 1894. Democratic hold. Winner later re-elected in November, see below.	Smith S. Turner (Democratic) 65.09% E. D. Root (Republican) 34.59% Basil Gordon (unknown) 0.32%[5]
New York 14	John R. Fellows	Democratic	1890	Incumbent resigned December 31, 1893 to become District Attorney of New York City. New member elected January 30, 1894. Republican gain. Winner later re-elected in November, see below.	Lemuel E. Quigg (Republican) 49.62% William L. Brown (Democratic) 46.14% Daniel De Leon (Socialist Labor) 2.46% George Munro (Prohibition) 0.90% George A. Hunter (People's) 0.88%[6]
Pennsylvania at-large	William Lilly	Republican	1892	Incumbent died December 1, 1893. New member elected February 26, 1894. Republican hold.	Galusha A. Grow (Republican) [data unknown/missing]
South Carolina 1	William H. Brawley	Democratic	1890	Incumbent resigned February 12, 1894, to become judge for the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina. New member elected April 12, 1894. Democratic hold.	James F. Izlar (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Maryland 1	Robert F. Bratton	Democratic	1892	Incumbent died May 10, 1894. New member elected November 6, 1894. Democratic hold.	W. Laird Henry (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Ohio 3	George W. Houk	Democratic	1890	Incumbent died February 9, 1894. New member elected May 21, 1894. Democratic hold.	Paul J. Sorg (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Wisconsin 7	George B. Shaw	Republican	1892	Incumbent died August 27, 1894. New member elected November 5, 1894. Republican hold.	Michael Griffin (Republican) [data unknown/missing]
Alabama 3	William C. Oates	Democratic	1880	Incumbent resigned November 5, 1894, after being elected Governor of Alabama. New member elected November 6, 1894. Democratic hold.	George P. Harrison Jr. (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Kentucky 9	Thomas H. Paynter	Democratic	1888	Incumbent resigned January 5, 1895, having been elected to the Kentucky Court of Appeals. New member elected November 6, 1894, but didn't take his seat until March 4, 1895. Republican gain.	Samuel J. Pugh (Republican) [data unknown/missing]
Maryland 5	Barnes Compton	Democratic	1884 1890 (Lost election contest) 1890	Incumbent resigned May 15, 1894, to become a naval officer. New member elected November 6, 1894. Republican gain.	Charles E. Coffin (Republican) [data unknown/missing]
Arkansas 2	Clifton R. Breckinridge	Democratic	1882	Incumbent resigned August 14, 1894, to become U.S. Minister to Russia. New member elected December 3, 1894. Democratic hold.	John S. Little (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Kentucky 10	Marcus C. Lisle	Democratic	1892	Incumbent died July 7, 1894. New member elected December 3, 1894. Democratic hold.	William M. Beckner (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Louisiana 4	Newton C. Blanchard	Democratic	1880	Incumbent resigned March 12, 1894, to become a U.S. Senator. New member elected December 3, 1894. Democratic hold.	Henry W. Ogden (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]
Ohio 2	John A. Caldwell	Republican	1888	Incumbent resigned April 4, 1894, to become Mayor of Cincinnati. New member elected December 3, 1894. Republican hold.	Jacob H. Bromwell (Republican) [data unknown/missing]
New York 15	Ashbel P. Fitch	Democratic	1886	Incumbent resigned December 26, 1893, to become New York City Comptroller. New member elected December 30, 1894. Democratic hold.	Isidor Straus (Democratic) [data unknown/missing]

Early election dates

In 1894, three states, with 8 seats among them, held elections early:

• June 4 Oregon
• September 4 Vermont
• September 10 Maine

Alabama

Arkansas

California

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California 1	Thomas J. Geary	Democratic	1890	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	John All Barham (Republican) 41.1% Thomas J. Geary (Democratic) 37.0% Roger F. Grigsby (Populist) 19.7% J. R. Gregory (Prohibition)
California 2	Anthony Caminetti	Democratic	1890	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Grove L. Johnson (Republican) 43.0% Anthony Caminetti (Democratic) 35.1% Burdelli Cornell (Populist) 20.0% Elam Briggs (Prohibition) 1.9%
California 3	Warren B. English	Democratic	1892 (Contested)	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Samuel G. Hilborn (Republican) 45.5% Warren B. English (Democratic) 37.8% W. A. Vann (Populist) 14.9% L. B. Scranton (Prohibition) 1.8%
California 4	James G. Maguire	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	James G. Maguire (Democratic) 48.3% Thomas Bowles Shannon (Republican) 32.0% B. K. Collier (Populist) 18.4% Joseph Rowell (Prohibition) 1.3%
California 5	Eugene F. Loud	Republican	1890	Incumbent re-elected.	Eugene F. Loud (Republican) 36.8% Joseph P. Kelly (Democratic) 23.0% James T. Rogers (Populist) 21.5% James Denman (Prohibition) 18.7%
California 6	Marion Cannon	Populist	1892	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	James McLachlan (Republican) 44.3% George S. Patton (Democratic) 27.6% W. C. Bowman (Populist) 23.1% J. E. McComas (Prohibition) 5.0%
California 7	William W. Bowers	Republican	1890	Incumbent re-elected.	William W. Bowers (Republican) 42.9% W. H. Alford (Democratic) 28.2% J. L. Gilbert (Populist) 25.0% W. H. Somers (Prohibition) 3.9%

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida 1	Stephen R. Mallory	Democratic	1890	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Stephen M. Sparkman (Democratic) 85.3% D. L. McKinnon (Populist) 14.7%
Florida 2	Charles Merian Cooper	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Charles Merian Cooper (Democratic) 79.8% Montholom Atkinson (Populist) 20.2%

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Ashley B. Wright	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Ashley B. Wright (Republican) 55.2% Addison L. Green (Democratic) 39.2% Augustus R. Smith (Prohibition) 3.3% Jonathan Johnson (People's) 2.3%
Massachusetts 2	Frederick H. Gillett	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Frederick H. Gillett (Republican) 61.4% Edward A. Hall (Democratic) 31.4% George M. Stearns (Populist) 4.2% Hubbard Lawrence 3.0%
Massachusetts 3	Joseph H. Walker	Republican	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	Joseph H. Walker (Republican) 59.4% Charles Haggerty (Democratic) 35.6% Henry S. Brown (Populist) 2.55% George F. Wright (Prohibition) 2.45%
Massachusetts 4	Lewis D. Apsley	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Lewis D. Apsley (Republican) 64.9% John J. Desmond (Democratic) 32.2% Bertram Sparhawk (Populist) 3.0%
Massachusetts 5	Moses T. Stevens	Democratic	1890	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	William S. Knox (Republican) 51.7% George W. Fifield (Democratic) 44.4% Hiram W. Eastman (Populist) 2.7% Warren F. Taylor (Prohibition) 1.1%
Massachusetts 6	William Cogswell	Republican	1886	Incumbent re-elected.	William Cogswell (Republican) 68.3% Henry B. Little (Democratic) 24.2% Joseph K. Harris (Populist) 7.5%
Massachusetts 7	William Everett	Democratic	1893 (special)	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	William Emerson Barrett (Republican) 57.8% Samuel K. Hamilton (Democratic) 33.7% Walter L. Ramsdell (Populist) 4.6% George Buttrick (Prohibition) 2.9% George R. Peare (Socialist Labor) 1.1%
Massachusetts 8	Samuel W. McCall	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Samuel W. McCall (Republican) 57.8% Charles Arthur Conant (Democratic) 35.4% Linn B. Porter (Populist) 3.1%
Massachusetts 9	Joseph H. O'Neil	Democratic	1888	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Democratic hold.	John F. Fitzgerald (Democratic) 53.3% Jesse M. Gove (Republican) 44.4% Patrick F. O'Neil (Socialist Labor) 2.4%
Massachusetts 10	Michael J. McEttrick	Citizens Democratic	1892	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected Republican gain.	Harrison Henry Atwood (Republican) 36.0% Michael J. McEttrick (Citizens Democratic) 35.4% William S. McNary (Democratic) 26.0% Frederick W. Peabody (Independent Republican) 4.3% Michael D. Fitzgerald (Socialist Labor) 1.2%
Massachusetts 11	William F. Draper	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	William F. Draper (Republican) 62.0% Bentley W. Warren (Democratic) 34.7% John F. Dowd (Populist) 3.4%
Massachusetts 12	Elijah A. Morse	Republican	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	Elijah A. Morse (Republican) 65.3% William H. Jordan (Democratic) 26.2% Elbridge G. Brown (Populist) 8.5%
Massachusetts 13	Charles S. Randall	Republican	1888	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican hold.	John Simpkins (Republican) 61.2% Robert Howard (Democratic) 38.8%

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[7]
Ohio 1	Bellamy Storer	Republican	1890	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	Charles Phelps Taft (Republican) 65.0% Hiram D. Peck (Democratic) 35.0%
Ohio 2	Jacob H. Bromwell	Republican	1894 (s)	Incumbent re-elected.	Jacob H. Bromwell (Republican) 67.6% James B. Matson (Democratic) 32.4%
Ohio 3	Paul J. Sorg	Democratic	1894 (s)	Incumbent re-elected.	Paul J. Sorg (Democratic) 50.2% Andrew L. Harris (Republican) 49.8%
Ohio 4	Fernando C. Layton	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Fernando C. Layton (Democratic) 52.5% William D. Davies (Republican) 47.5%
Ohio 5	Dennis D. Donovan	Democratic	1892	Incumbent lost renomination. New member elected. Republican gain.	Francis B. De Witt (Republican) 52.6% John S. Snook (Democratic) 47.4%
Ohio 6	George W. Hulick	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	George W. Hulick (Republican) 61.9% Joseph L. Stephens (Democratic) 38.1%
Ohio 7	George W. Wilson	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	George W. Wilson (Republican) 60.6% Charles E. Gain (Democratic) 39.4%
Ohio 8	Luther M. Strong	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Luther M. Strong (Republican) 64.9% Elijah T. Dunn (Democratic) 35.1%
Ohio 9	Byron F. Ritchie	Democratic	1892	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	James H. Southard (Republican) 59.5% Byron F. Ritchie (Democratic) 40.5%
Ohio 10	Hezekiah S. Bundy	Republican	1893 (s)	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	Lucien J. Fenton (Republican) 67.6% John O. Yates (Democratic) 32.4%
Ohio 11	Charles H. Grosvenor	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Charles H. Grosvenor (Republican) 64.1% Eli R. Lash (Democratic) 35.9%
Ohio 12	Joseph H. Outhwaite	Democratic	1892	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	David K. Watson (Republican) 52.2% Joseph H. Outhwaite (Democratic) 47.8%
Ohio 13	Darius D. Hare	Democratic	1892	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Stephen Ross Harris (Republican) 50.9% Boston G. Young (Democratic) 49.1%
Ohio 14	Michael D. Harter	Democratic	1892	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Winfield S. Kerr (Republican) 59.9% James C. Laser (Democratic) 40.1%
Ohio 15	H. Clay Van Voorhis	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	H. Clay Van Voorhis (Republican) 61.6% Charles Richardson (Democratic) 38.4%
Ohio 16	Albert J. Pearson	Democratic	1892	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Lorenzo Danford (Republican) 62.9% Albert O. Barnes (Democratic) 37.1%
Ohio 17	James A. D. Richards	Democratic	1892	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Addison S. McClure (Republican) 52.3% James A. D. Richards (Democratic) 47.7%
Ohio 18	George P. Ikirt	Democratic	1892	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican gain.	Robert W. Tayler (Republican) 51.0% Edward S. Raff (Democratic) 27.1% Jacob S. Coxey Sr. (Populist) 21.9%
Ohio 19	Stephen A. Northway	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Stephen A. Northway (Republican) 75.7% Henry Apthorp (Democratic) 24.3%
Ohio 20	William J. White	Republican	1892	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Republican hold.	Clifton B. Beach (Republican) 67.5% H. B. Harrington (Democratic) 32.5%
Ohio 21	Tom L. Johnson	Democratic	1890	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Republican gain.	Theodore E. Burton (Republican) 57.5% Tom L. Johnson (Democratic) 42.5%

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1	James F. Izlar	Democratic	1894 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Democratic loss.	William Elliott (Democratic) 59.1% George W. Murray (Republican) 40.9%[8]
	George W. Murray Redistricted from the 7th district	Republican	1892	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic gain. Murray successfully challenged Elliott's election and was awarded the seat on June 4, 1896.[9]
South Carolina 2	W. Jasper Talbert	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	W. Jasper Talbert (Democratic) 99.5% Others 0.5%
South Carolina 3	Asbury Latimer	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Asbury Latimer (Democratic) 81.3% Robert Moorman (Republican) 13.9% Others 4.8%
South Carolina 4	George W. Shell	Democratic	1890	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	Stanyarne Wilson (Democratic) 75.1% Lawson D. Melton (Republican) 24.7% Others 0.2%
South Carolina 5	Thomas J. Strait	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Thomas J. Strait (Democratic) 67.6% G. G. Alexander (Republican) 17.0% W. R. Davie (Independent) 12.8% Others 2.6%
South Carolina 6	John L. McLaurin	Democratic	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	John L. McLaurin (Democratic) 76.9% J. P. Wilson (Republican) 23.1%
South Carolina 7	None (Open seat due to redistricting)			New member elected. Democratic gain. The election was voided on June 1, 1896 due to electoral fraud.	J. William Stokes (Democratic) 73.0% T. B. Johnson (Republican) 26.3% Others 0.7%

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Non-voting delegates

Oklahoma Territory

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Oklahoma Territory at-large	Dennis T. Flynn	Republican	1892	Incumbent re-elected.	Dennis T. Flynn (Republican) 42.17% R. Beaumont[lower-alpha 10] (Populist) 32.97% Joseph Wisby (Democratic) 24.86%[10]

See also

• 1894 United States elections
  • 1894 and 1895 United States Senate elections
• 53rd United States Congress
• 54th United States Congress

Notes

1. Three states held early elections between June 4 and September 10.
2. Not including special elections
3. Includes late elections.
4. Includes two vacancies.
5. Includes five vacancies.
6. Martis's figure includes Utah, which held its election in 1895 and is therefore not covered in this article.[1]
7. Dubin (p. 312) counts 244 Republicans, 105 Democrats, 7 Populists, and 1 Silver at the opening of the 54th Congress, before the results of several contested elections were overturned in favor of Republican (and a few Populist) candidates. Dubin counts 253 Republicans, 93 Democrats, 9 Populists, and 1 Silver at the start of the 2nd session of the 54th Congress, which closely matches Martis' figure (pp. 148–49). Dubin's figure includes Utah, which held its election in 1895 and is therefore not covered in this article.
8. Populists won 9 seats and Silver won 1.
9. Elections held early.
10. Full name unavailable.

References

1. Martis, pp. 148–49.
2. "Senate and House Secured; Republican Control in the Next Congress Assured". The New York Times. November 9, 1894. p. 5.
3. "African-Americans and Populism". Archived from the original on June 22, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
4. Jensen (1971), Chap. 9.
5. "Our Campaigns - VA - District 07 Special Election Race - Jan 30, 1894". Our Campaigns.
6. "NY - District 14 - History". Our Campaigns.
7. Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 656–57.
8. "Our Campaigns - SC - District 01 Race - Nov 06, 1894". www.ourcampaigns.com.
9. "Our Campaigns - SC - District 01 Race - Nov 06, 1894". www.ourcampaigns.com.
10. "Our Campaigns - OK Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 06, 1894". www.ourcampaigns.com.

Bibliography

• Republican Congressional Committee, Republican Campaign Text Book: 1894 (1894).
• Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971).
• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)