1978 Pacific typhoon season

The 1978 Pacific typhoon season was a very active season that produced 31 tropical storms, 16 typhoon and one intense typhoon. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1978, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

1978 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed	January 6, 1978
Last system dissipated	December 19, 1978
Strongest storm
Name	Rita
• Maximum winds	220 km/h (140 mph) (10-minute sustained)
• Lowest pressure	878 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions	63
Total storms	30
Typhoons	16
Super typhoons	1 (unofficial)
Total fatalities	>371
Total damage	> $100 million (1978 USD)
Related articles
1978 Atlantic hurricane season 1978 Pacific hurricane season 1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1978 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Seasonal summary

33 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 29 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Many of the storms either remained at sea or failed to do any damage.

Systems

Severe Tropical Storm Nadine

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	January 6 – January 13
Peak intensity	100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  970 hPa (mbar)

Nadine stayed at sea. Nadine was the first sever tropical storm of the season. It lived at least 1 week.

Typhoon Olive (Atang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	April 15 – April 26
Peak intensity	150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  955 hPa (mbar)

In the Philippines, Typhoon Olive (Atang) killed 3 people and left 3,500 homeless.[1] A lengthened ex-”FS” ship of Compania Maritima was caught in it, the MV Leyte. She was wrecked in the southwestern portion of Sibuyan Island trying to reach shelter. She was then on a Manila-Cebu voyage.[2]

Tropical Storm Polly (Bising)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	June 13 – June 20
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  985 hPa (mbar)

Polly was the first of three short-lived June systems.

Tropical Storm Rose (Klaring)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	June 21 – June 24
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

Rose was the second of three weak June systems.

Tropical Storm Shirley (Deling)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	June 26 – June 30
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

Shirley hit Vietnam as a tropical storm.

Typhoon Trix

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	July 11 – July 23
Peak intensity	130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min)  965 hPa (mbar)

Trix did a loop.

Typhoon Virginia

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	July 22 – August 2
Peak intensity	130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min)  975 hPa (mbar)

Virginia stayed largely at sea.

Typhoon Wendy (Emang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	July 22 – August 3
Peak intensity	130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min)  960 hPa (mbar)

Wendy ultimately hit Japan.

Severe Tropical Storm Agnes

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	July 24 – July 30
Peak intensity	100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  980 hPa (mbar)

Agnes formed on July 24, made a complete loop, and struck China on July 29 with winds of 55 mph after peaking at 60 mph.[3] It dissipated the 30th. In Hong Kong Tropical Storm Agnes killed 3 people.[4]

Tropical Storm Bonnie

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 8 – August 12
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  985 hPa (mbar)

Bonnie hit Vietnam.

Typhoon Carmen (Iliang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	August 10 – August 20
Peak intensity	165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min)  970 hPa (mbar)

Carmen was short-lived.

Tropical Storm Della (Heling)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 10 – August 13
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  985 hPa (mbar)

Della hit China.

Tropical Storm 13W

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration	August 14 – August 20
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  999 hPa (mbar)

13W was weak but hit Japan.

Typhoon Elaine (Miding)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	August 18 – August 28
Peak intensity	120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min)  965 hPa (mbar)

Elaine struck China.

Typhoon Faye

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	August 25 – September 7
Peak intensity	165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min)  935 hPa (mbar)

Faye stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Gloria (Norming)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 28 – August 31
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  992 hPa (mbar)

Gloria stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Hester

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	August 28 – September 1
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

Hester stayed away from land.

Typhoon Irma (Ruping)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 9 – September 15
Peak intensity	120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min)  970 hPa (mbar)

Irma, the eighth typhoon of the 1978 season, developed in the monsoon trough southeast of Taiwan.[5] It made landfall in Honshu, Japan. With winds of up to 120 km/h, Typhoon Irma killed at least 6 people and made about 3,000 homeless. Four people were missing and about 100 were injured by floods and landslides in southwestern Japan.[6] It destroyed or damaged 1,597 homes and left 6,266 homes flooded.[7] Irma smashed windows, overturned cars, and capsized several fishing boats. Several athletes at the Japan-China Friendship Track and Field Meet in Kitakyushu were injured when a freak gust blew them ten feet in the air. A Liberian-registered tanker was swept from its moorings off the port of Kure and drifted for nearly 5 kilometers before running aground off a small island in the Inland Sea.[6] Irma remained a typhoon for only 12 hours becoming the shortest-lived typhoon of the season.[5]

Typhoon Judy

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 9 – September 17
Peak intensity	150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  950 hPa (mbar)

Judy did not impact land.

Severe Tropical Storm Kit (Uding)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	September 20 – September 26
Peak intensity	95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

Kit hit Vietnam and The Philippines.

Typhoon Lola (Weling)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 20 – October 2
Peak intensity	130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min)  965 hPa (mbar)

Lola hit China.

Typhoon Mamie

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	September 29 – October 4
Peak intensity	130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min)  960 hPa (mbar)

Mamie recurved out to sea.

Severe Tropical Storm Nina (Yaning)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	October 6 – October 16
Peak intensity	110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min)  975 hPa (mbar)

According to the official reports, 59 people died and more than 500,000 were in evacuation centers in the Philippines.[8]

Typhoon Ora (Aning)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 8 – October 15
Peak intensity	150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  940 hPa (mbar)

Ora brushed Taiwan.

Tropical Depression 25W

Tropical depression (PAGASA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration	October 8 – October 12
Peak intensity	55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  999 hPa (mbar)

25W did not affect land.

Tropical Depression 26W (Bidang)

Tropical depression (PAGASA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration	October 10 – October 16
Peak intensity	55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  1002 hPa (mbar)

26W followed 25W.

Typhoon Phyllis

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 13 – October 22
Peak intensity	150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  955 hPa (mbar)

Phyllis recurved from Japan.

Typhoon Rita (Kading)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	October 15 – October 29
Peak intensity	220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min)  878 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 28 developed October 15. Three and a half days later, it strengthened into a tropical storm. Rita became a typhoon late on October 19. Rita reached Category 5 status on October 23, reaching a minimum central pressure of 878 millibars, only 8 mb higher than Typhoon Tip's record set in 1979. After spending over three consecutive days at that intensity, Rita weakened to a Category 4 and smashed ashore on Luzon. Rita stayed a typhoon during its entire passage over the Philippines and emerged into the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon. Rita then decayed slowly and dissipated as a depression near the coast of Vietnam. The typhoon caused considerable damage and loss of life in the Philippines, though exact numbers are unknown.

Tropical Storm Twenty-seven

Tropical storm (JMA)
Duration	October 30 – November 3
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

27 was weak and short-lived.

Severe Tropical Storm Tess

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	October 31 – November 6
Peak intensity	110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min)  975 hPa (mbar)

A tropical depression developed on October 31. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on November 2. Tess continued to intensify and reached its peak intensity as a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm; just short of typhoon status. The storm became extratropical on November 7.

Tropical Depression 30W (Delang)

Tropical depression (PAGASA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration	November 15 – November 20
Peak intensity	55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  1002 hPa (mbar)

30W came close to land.

Typhoon Viola (Esang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
Duration	November 16 – November 24
Peak intensity	195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min)  910 hPa (mbar)

Increased convective activity in the monsoon trough was first noticed on satellite data on November 14 about 690 mi (1110 km) southeast of Truk. On November 16, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression 33. Based on an improved satellite signature, TD 33 was upgraded to Tropical Storm Viola at 1200 UTC November 17.[3] Viola continued to intensify as the storm moved on a northwestward track.[9] Late on November 19 reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that Viola's surface pressure had fallen to 977 mb; and, that an eye was beginning to form. Early on November 20, Viola was upgraded to a typhoon. Viola then started to rapidly intensify and reached peak intensity on November 21 with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h). Viola recurved away from Luzon on November 22.[3] By the next day, the storm had already weakened to a category 1 and further weakened to a tropical storm. Viola dissipated on November 24.[9]

Severe Tropical Storm Winnie

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 25 – November 30
Peak intensity	100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  980 hPa (mbar)

A tropical depression developed on November 25. It started to intensify while moving on a north-northwestward track. By November 28, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Winnie. On the 29th, Winnie reached its peak intensity as severe tropical storm with (10-min) winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Winnie became extratropical early on November 30.

Tropical Depression Garding

Tropical depression (JMA)
Duration	December 13 – December 19
Peak intensity	55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  1004 hPa (mbar)

Named by PAGASA.

Storm names

During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950. However the JTWC changed their naming scheme by the next year, now including both female and male names.

Nadine

Olive

Polly

Rose

Shirley

Trix

Virginia

Wendy

Agnes

Bonnie

Carmen

Della

Elaine

Faye

Gloria

Hester

Irma

Judy

Kit

Lola

Mamie

Nina

Ora

Phyllis

Rita

Tess

Viola

Winnie

One name, Susan, developed over the Central Pacific and was named from this list. The storm never became a part of the West Pacific basin.

Philippines

Akang	Bising	Klaring	Deling	Emang
Gading	Heling	Iliang	Loleng	Miding
Norming	Oyang	Pasing	Ruping	Susang
Tering	Uding	Weling	Yaning
Auxiliary list
				Aning
Bidang	Kading	Delang	Esang	Garding

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1982 season. This is the same list used for the 1974 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.

Retirement

Due to extreme damages and death toll caused by Typhoon Rita (Kading), PAGASA retired the name Kading in its auxiliary list. The name replaced was Katring.

Season effects

This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1978. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1978 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.

Name	Dates active	Peak classification	Sustained wind speeds	Pressure	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Nadine	January 6 – 13	Severe tropical storm	100 km/h (65 mph)	975 hPa (28.79 inHg)	Marshall Islands	None	None
Olive (Atang)	April 15 – May 1	Typhoon	150 km/h (90 mph)	950 hPa (28.05 inHg)	Palau, Philippines, Taiwan	Unknown	3
TD	June 7	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Philippines	None	None
TD	June 10	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Philippines	None	None
TD	June 12 – 13	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Philippines	None	None
Polly (Bising)	June 14 – 20	Tropical storm	85 km/h (50 mph)	985 hPa (29.09 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands, Japan	None	None
Rose (Klaring)	June 21 – 25	Tropical storm	85 km/h (50 mph)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Philippines, Taiwan	None	None
Shirley (Deling)	June 28 – July 2	Tropical storm	85 km/h (50 mph)	992 hPa (29.29 inHg)	Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia	Unknown	None
TD	July 7 – 11	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Japan	None	None
Trix	July 11 – 24	Typhoon	130 km/h (80 mph)	965 hPa (28.50 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands, China	Unknown	Unknown
TD	July 16	Tropical depression	Not specified	1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	None	None	None
Wendy (Emang)	July 22 – August 3	Typhoon	130 km/h (80 mph)	960 hPa (28.35 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands, Japan	None	None
Virginia	July 22 – August 3	Typhoon	150 km/h (90 mph)	975 hPa (28.79 inHg)	Japan	None	None
Agnes	July 22 – 31	Severe tropical storm	100 km/h (65 mph)	980 hPa (29.09 inHg)	South China	None	3
TD	July 31	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	None	None	None
TD	August 4 – 5	Tropical depression	Not specified	1002 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Taiwan	None	None
Gading	August 4 – 8	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	Taiwan	None	None
Bonnie	August 9 – 13	Tropical storm	75 km/h (45 mph)	985 hPa (29.09 inHg)	South China, Vietnam	None	None
Carmen (Iliang)	August 9 – 20	Typhoon	165 km/h (105 mph)	965 hPa (28.50 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korea	Unknown	None
Della (Heling)	August 9 – 13	Tropical storm	85 km/h (50 mph)	985 hPa (29.09 inHg)	Philippines, Taiwan, China	None	None
Loleng	August 13 – 17	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	Philippines, South China	None	None
TD	August 14	Tropical depression	Not specified	1002 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Taiwan	None	None
13W	August 18 – 20	Tropical storm	75 km/h (45 mph)	998 hPa (29.47 inHg)	Japan	None	None
TD	August 18 – 19	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Palau	None	None
TD	August 20	Tropical depression	Not specified	1002 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Taiwan	None	None
Elaine (Miding)	August 21 – 29	Typhoon	120 km/h (75 mph)	965 hPa (28.50 inHg)	Philippines, South China	Unknown	Unknown
TD	August 22 – 24	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Korean Peninsula	None	None
TD	August 26	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands	None	None
Faye	August 27 – September 10	Typhoon	165 km/h (105 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	Mariana Islands, Taiwan	None	None
Gloria (Norming)	August 27 – 31	Tropical storm	75 km/h (45 mph)	992 hPa (29.29 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands	None	None
Hester	August 28 – September 1	Tropical storm	85 km/h (50 mph)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Japan	None	None
Oyang	August 29 – 30	Tropical depression	45 km/h (30 mph)	Not specified	Philippines	None	None
TD	August 31 – September 2	Tropical depression	Not specified	1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)	None	None	None
TD	September 2 – 7	Tropical depression	Not specified	1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan	None	None
Irma (Ruping)	September 9 – 15	Typhoon	120 km/h (75 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan	None	6
Paring	September 9 – 15	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Vietnam	None	None
Judy	September 9 – 17	Typhoon	150 km/h (90 mph)	950 hPa (28.05 inHg)	None	None	None
TD	September 10 – 11	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)	Taiwan	None	None
Susang	September 13 – 19	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	Palau, Philippines, Vietnam	None	None
TD	September 17	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Palau	None	None
Kit (Uding)	September 20 – 28	Severe tropical storm	95 km/h (60 mph)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Philippines, South China, Vietnam	Unknown	Unknown
Tering	September 21 – 22	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	998 hPa (29.47 inHg)	Philippines	None	None
TD	September 21 − 22	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Ryukyu Islands	None	None
Lola (Weling)	September 24 – October 5	Typhoon	130 km/h (80 mph)	965 hPa (28.50 inHg)	Philippines, South China	Unknown	Unknown
Mamie	September 30 – October 5	Typhoon	130 km/h (80 mph)	960 hPa (28.35 inHg)	None	None	None
TD	October 5	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	None	None	None
Nina (Yaning)	October 5 – 17	Severe tropical storm	110 km/h (70 mph)	975 hPa (28.79 inHg)	Philippines, South China, Vietnam	Unknown	59
Ora (Aning)	October 8 – 15	Typhoon	150 km/h (90 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands	None	None
25W	October 11 – 14	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	None	None	None
26W (Bidang)	October 11 – 17	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Caroline Islands, Philippines	None	None
Phyllis	October 15 – 23	Typhoon	150 km/h (90 mph)	955 hPa (28.20 inHg)	None	None	None
Rita (Kading)	October 17 – 30	Typhoon	220 km/h (140 mph)	880 hPa (25.98 inHg)	Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines	$100 million	>300
Twenty-seven	October 29 – November 3	Tropical storm	65 km/h (40 mph)	994 hPa (29.35 inHg)	Philippines, Vietnam	None	None
Tess	October 31 – November 7	Severe tropical storm	110 km/h (70 mph)	975 hPa (28.79 inHg)	Philippines, South China, Vietnam	None	None
TD	November 9 – 11	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Vietnam	None	None
TD	November 10 – 12	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Philippines	None	None
TD	November 15 – 16	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Vietnam	None	None
30W (Delang)	November 16 – 20	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	Philippines	None	None
Viola (Esang)	November 17 – 24	Typhoon	195 km/h (120 mph)	910 hPa (26.97 inHg)	Caroline Islands	None	None
TD	November 25 – December 1	Tropical depression	Not specified	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Malaysia	None	None
Winnie	November 25 – 30	Severe tropical storm	100 km/h (65 mph)	980 hPa (28.94 inHg)	Mariana Islands	None	None
TD	December 4	Tropical depression	Not specified	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	None	None	None
Garding	December 13 – 19	Tropical depression	55 km/h (35 mph)	1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Philippines	Unknown	None
Season aggregates
63 systems	January 6 – December 19		220 km/h (140 mph)	880 hPa (25.98 inHg)		>$100 million	>371

See also

• List of Pacific typhoon seasons
• 1978 Pacific hurricane season
• 1978 Atlantic hurricane season
• Pre-1980 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
• Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons: 1977-78, 1978-79

References

1. "Typhoon". The Canberra Times. April 27, 1978. Retrieved October 23, 2016 – via Trove.
2. "Typhoon "Atang" | Philippine Ship Spotters Society". psssonline.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
3. 1978 ATCR TABLE OF CONTENTS Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
4. Historical Information
5. Morford, Dean R.; Lavin, James K. (January 1, 1995). "1978 Annual Typhoon Report" (PDF). Retrieved October 23, 2016.
6. "Typhoon Irma leaves 3,000 homeless". The Canberra Times. September 18, 1978. Retrieved September 22, 2016 – via Trove.
7. "Typhoon brushes Japan; 6 die (September 16, 1978)". Retrieved 2016-10-23.
8. "59 flood deaths". The Canberra Times. October 13, 1978. Retrieved October 23, 2016 – via Trove.
9. "Typhoon #31 (16-24 NOV 1978)". Unisys Weather. Retrieved 19 January 2017.

External links

• Japan Meteorological Agency
• Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
• China Meteorological Agency
• National Weather Service Guam
• Hong Kong Observatory
• Macau Meteorological Geophysical Services
• Korea Meteorological Agency
• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
• Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
• Digital Typhoon - Typhoon Images and Information
• Typhoon2000 Philippine typhoon website