1998 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 1998 Winter Olympics took place at Nagano Olympic Stadium, Nagano, Japan, on 7 February 1998. It began at 11:00 JST and finished at approximately 14:00 JST. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal and ceremonial opening of this international sporting event, including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. The Games were officially opened by Emperor of Japan Akihito.[1]

1998 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
Date7 February 1998 (1998-02-07)
Time11:00 – 14:00 JST (UTC+9)
LocationNagano Olympic Stadium, Nagano, Japan
Coordinates36.579722°N 138.165556°E / 36.579722; 138.165556
Filmed byNHK, NAOC, ORTO'98
FootageNagano 1998 Opening Ceremony - Full Length on YouTube
Part of a series on the
1998 Winter Olympics

Alan Tomlinson, Professor in Leisure Studies at the University of Brighton, argues that the main theme of this opening ceremony is Peace and Harmony. While elements of Nagano's religious and sporting culture are shown throughout the ceremony, it is shown along side examples of world peace at the end of the 20th century.[2][3]

Officials and Guests

Proceedings

Bell to Symbolize Purification

At exactly 11am JST, a bell at Zenkō-ji temple was rung, by a man who was a teenager during World War II, and was in training to be a kamikaze pilot when the war ended. The bell that was rung was cast in 1667, and reverberates as a symbol of Nagano. It was rung to confer blessing on the opening ceremony.[2]

Then, the announcer states that the Olympic site has been linked with the five continents, though satellite links. There is a choir waiting at each satellite location. Three of these locations are used to symbolize major peaceful resolutions in the 1990s:

Raising of Onbashira to Consecrate Sacred Ground

Onbashira — or "sacred pillars" in the Japanese — are large wooden fir posts which stand at the corners of local shrines in Nagano Prefecture. They are brought down from the surrounding mountains to purify the earth. At this ceremony, we see hundreds of people perform the Satobiki ceremony, where four 12 meter high onbashira are erected at two entrances of the stadium. The logs are raised with ropes by hand, and while they are being raised, a ceremonial group of log bearers ride the logs and sing and perform other feats, while numerous men and women sustain a consistent chant. Barry Davies — the commentator for the BBC broadcast showing stated that the chants were "plaintive" being a "prelude to much hard work."[2] Finally, each post unfurled a yellow steamer which were to call the gods that lived in the trees.

Dohyo-iri Ceremony

33 Sumo Wrestlers across Japan enter the stadium to perform the dohyo-iri ring purification ceremony, one that can be traceable back to an 8th century text. Then Yokozuna Akebono Tarō, eight-time Sumo Grand Champion, and 38 other wrestlers also enter the stadium, totaling the 72 wrestlers.[4]

The Emperor of Japan Akihito, and his wife, Empress Michiko arrive with IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and other dignitaries.

Then Akebono performed the Yokozuna dohyo-iri ring purification ceremony, the symbolic calling of the attention of the gods and expelling the evil spirits from the competition venue. It is more intricate than the normal dohyo-iri ceremony.[4][5]

Children of Nagano Welcome the Athletes

Giant straw Dōsojin, which appear in Shinto folklore in Ōoka village arrive in the stadium. 150 primary school aged children, local participants of the "One School, One Country" initiative, arrive dressed as Yukinko, traditional straw winter coats and hats. After some dancing, the children take off their straw coats, showing knitted sweaters of country flags representing the 72 nations competing in these Winter Games.[6] Each child will march with their country during the Parade of Nations, and will appear also during the lighting of the Olympic Flame.

Japanese artist Ryoko Moriyama and primary school children perform "Ashita Koso Kodomotachi ga...", based upon When Children Rule the World from the 1996 Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Whistle Down the Wind. It is performed in both Japanese and English.[7]

Parade of Nations
See also: 1998 Winter Olympics national flag bearers

2,302 athletes from 72 countries and regions participated in the competition,[8] including 814 female athletes and 1488 male athletes. Both the number of participating delegations and the number of athletes participating in the competition were the most ever at the time. At this Olympics, Uruguay, Azerbaijan and Macedonia had their largest grouping in the history of the Winter Olympics.[9]

Opening Addresses

NAOC President Eishiro Saito delivered a speech in Japanese, welcoming everyone. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch delivered a speech in English, calling for athletes to "observe the Olympic truce."[10] The Emperor of Japan Akihito declared the games open in Japanese.[2]

Olympic Flag and Anthems

After a fanfare, the Olympic Flag was carried around the stadium by eight former Japanese Olympians: Chiharu Igaya, Yukio Kasaya, Akitsugu Konno, Yoshihiro Kitazawa, Hatsue Nagakubo-Takamizawa, Yuko Otaka, Seiko Hashimoto, and Hiromi Yamamoto. During the raising of the Olympic flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung in Japanese by the Nagano Children's Choir.

The Japanese National Anthem, Kimigayo, was played by Gagaku musicians.

Torch relay and the lighting of the Olympic cauldron
See also: 1998 Winter Olympics torch relay
The cauldron used during the games is now used as a monument to the games.

At the end of a 49-day torch relay across Japan, the Olympic flame is carried into the stadium by Chris Moon, an Landmine Survivors Network member and an advocate for banning anti-personnel landmines. He is accompanied by the local Nagano children featured earlier wearing their flag sweaters. There is also a reprise of the theme song, When Children Rule the World. Moon passes and hand over the Olympic torch to and Masako Chiba, bronze medalist for the Women's 10,000 metres at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens. Chiba passes the torch to Takanori Kono, Masashi Abe, and Reiichi Mikata for the Nordic Combine team, then Hiromi Suzuki, winner of the Women's marathon who runs upstairs while surrounded by local Nagano children. The last torchbearer is Midori Ito, Olympic silver medalist of the Ladies' singles at the Figure skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, and champion of the 1989 World Figure Skating Championships, who lights the cauldron.[4] The music played during this sequence is Un bel dì, vedremo aria from the opera Giacomo Puccini's "Madama Butterfly".[12]

Olympic Oaths and Dove Balloons

Japanese men's Nordic combined skier Kenji Ogiwara took the oath on behalf of all 1998 Olympic athletes in Japanese, while the officials' oath was taken by figure skating referee Junko Hiramatsu in Japanese.

1,998 balloons in the shape of doves were released from the stage of the stadium.

A Choral Performance Linking Five Continents

The Ceremony closes with Ozawa Seiji from Nagano Prefectural Culture Hall conducting Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, 4th Movement (Ode to Joy). He conducts the Nagano Winter Orchestra, Soloists, a local Chorus as well has choruses from the five satellite locations shown at the beginning of the ceremony: The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin - Germany, The Sydney Opera House in Sydney - Australia, The United Nations General Assembly in New York City - United States, The Shenwu Gate in the Forbidden City, Beijing - China and False Bay Cape Point, near Cape Town - South Africa.[13]

There are also 81 Ballet dancers in the stadium, and the audience also joins in with the singing.[2]

The ceremony concludes with five Kawasaki T-4 planes fly in formation overhead the stadium in the Olympic colors.

Performers

Nagano Prefectural Culture Hall: Ozawa Seiji, Tokyo Opera Singers, Nagano Winter Orchestra. Sopranos: Izabela Labuda, Claudia Waite, Altos: Zheng Cao, Ruth Peel, Tenors: Anthony Dean Griffey, Gwyn Hughes Jones, Baritones: Denis Sedov, Kevin Short.[14]

The Five Choirs

Legacy

Alan Tomlinson,[15] argues that Peace and Harmony is this opening ceremony's theme. While elements of Nagano's culture are shown throughout the ceremony, the main theme shown is how the world is more unified and harmonious at the last Winter Olympics of the 20th century. This is best seen in the massed choir that marked the beginning and the end of this ceremony, with satellite choirs at key symbolic locations of peace. It is also seen through at the flame's entrance by emphasizing the work of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines.

Since 2000, the theme of universalism bringing peace in Olympic opening ceremonies have been dropped for more nationalistic displays, as seen in the 2002 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, which took place five months after September 11.[2]

References
  1. "Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights". International Olympic Committee. 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  2. Tomlinson, Alan (1 January 2005). "Picturing the winter Olympics: The Opening ceremonies of Nagano (Japan) 1998 and Salt Lake City (USA) 2002" (PDF). Tourism, Culture & Communication. 5 (2): 83–92. doi:10.3727/109830405774791465. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  3. Paquette, Jessica. "The Top 10 Opening Ceremonies in Winter Olympics History". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  4. "Nagano Olympics opening as largest Winter Games ever" (7 February 1998). The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  5. NAOC 1998, p. 28.
  6. NAOC 1999, p. 121.
  7. NAOC 1998, p. 32.
  8. "Japan and the Olympics: Asia's First Olympic Host" (PDF). Web Japan. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  9. Tajima, Atsushi (2004). ""Amoral universalism": mediating and staging global and local in the 1998 Nagano Olympic Winter Games". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 21 (3): 241–260. doi:10.1080/0739318042000212710.
  10. "Winter Olympic Games Are Underway". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  11. Masumoto, Naofumi (1998). "Cultural aspects of the opening ceremony of 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games". Journal of the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education. 20 (2): 45–53. doi:10.9772/jpspe1979.20.2_45. ISSN 0915-5104.
  12. NAOC 1999, p. 125.
  13. Strom, Stephanie (7 February 1998). "THE XVIII WINTER GAMES: OPENING CEREMONIES; The Latest Sport? After a Worldwide Effort, Synchronized Singing Gets In". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  14. NAOC 1998, pp. 50-52.
  15. "Alan Tomlinson". University of Brighton.

Bibliography
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