2011 New England tornado outbreak

On June 1, 2011, six tornadoes appeared in Massachusetts' Connecticut River Valley and southern Maine, damaging large sections of Springfield, Massachusetts and its surrounding region, killing three people, injuring 200, and leaving at least 500 people homeless.[3][4][5][6]

June 1, 2011 tornado outbreak
The EF3 tornado that struck Springfield, Massachusetts
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationJune 1, 2011
Tornadoes confirmed6
Max. rating1EF3 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak23:35 pm – 7:13 pm EDT (3 hours and 42 minutes)
Highest winds
  • 160 mph
Damage$227.6 million USD(2011)[1]
Casualties3 deaths[2]

1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

Meteorological synopsis

On May 30, two days before the outbreak, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) noted the possibility of a severe weather event in the Northeastern United States in their outlook. A storm system was forecast to draw warm, moist air (with dew points over 60 °F (16 °C)) from the south, ahead of a driving cold front. In light of this, the SPC issued a slight risk for severe thunderstorms the area.[7] As an upper-level trough moved over the Great Lakes, further moisture and warmth increased atmospheric instability in the area, raising the threat of a squall line or supercell thunderstorms.[8] By June 1, the storm system moved over Ontario and Quebec, with a cold front trailing behind it over northern New England. CAPE values exceeded 4,000 J/kg, indicating an extreme amount of instability in the atmosphere, conducive to strong thunderstorms. Additionally, a strong upper-level jet stream brought significant wind shear, which, in combination with the atmospheric instability, indicated a significant severe weather threat, with the main effects expected to result from downburst winds and large hail, but with tornadoes possible.[9] An EML, which emerged over Arizona on May 28, was also present and created abnormally steep lapse rates in the mid-levels of the atmosphere, further increasing instability.[10]

Reflectivity radar loop of the supercell thunderstorm that produced the EF3 Springfield tornado

Between 8:18 a.m. and 9:15 a.m. (EDT), severe storms producing 1 in (2.5 cm) hail developed over portions of New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine; however, little if any impact resulted from these storms.[11] At 10:05 a.m., the SPC issued a severe thunderstorm watch for the entire state of Vermont, much of northern New York, northeastern Pennsylvania and parts of western Massachusetts and Connecticut.[12] By this time, a broken line of severe storms had developed over parts of western New York and northern Pennsylvania.[13] With the storms gradually developing throughout the day and an increasing threat of tornadoes, a tornado watch was issued at 1:00 p.m. for much of New England, southern New York, eastern Pennsylvania and most of New Jersey.[14] Around 2:00 p.m., severe storms with damaging hail, measured up to 2.75 in (7.0 cm), and winds around 60 mph (97 km/h) developed in eastern New York. These storms gradually tracked east-southeastward into Vermont and later New Hampshire. One particular supercell produced very large 3.25-inch (8.3 cm) diameter hail at Shaftsbury, Vermont after producing a funnel cloud and baseball sized hail across the border in New York State.[11] At 2:43 p.m., the first of several tornado warnings in the area was issued for southern Coos County, New Hampshire.[15]

Between 3:00 and 3:30 p.m., severe storms developed over western Massachusetts and prompted a tornado warning to be issued at 3:28 p.m. for parts of Hampden, Hampshire and Franklin Counties.[16] About an hour later, another warning was issued for Springfield, Massachusetts and surrounding areas. Within minutes, a touchdown was confirmed near Springfield by local law enforcement and amateur radio operators.[17] This tornado was later rated a strong EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.[18] At one point, this supercell displayed radar characteristics similar to historic supercells that produced violent tornadoes over the Southeast and the Great Plains.[19] Over the next hour, damage was reported as far east as Southbridge from this long track tornado. Other brief touchdowns were reported across the state afterward as well, which caused minor damage.

In total, 10 towns and cities, Westfield, West Springfield, Springfield, Monson, Hampden, Wilbraham, Brimfield, Sturbridge, Southbridge, and Charlton, Massachusetts, all sustained damage from the long track EF3 tornado . A total of three (downgraded from the originally reported 4) people were killed as a result of the tornado and at least 200 people were injured from severe weather across the state.[20] The outbreak included the first killer tornado in Massachusetts since the 1995 Great Barrington tornado.[21]

Confirmed tornadoes
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 2 3 0 1 0 0 6
List of confirmed tornadoes – Wednesday June 1, 2011[note 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary Refs
EF1 NW of Bethel Oxford ME 44.40383°N 70.68166°W / 44.40383; -70.68166 (Bethel (Jun. 1, EF1)) 3:35 p.m. – 3:36 p.m. 0.26 miles (0.42 km) 25 yards (23 m) Brief tornado touched down to the northwest of Bethel, snapping or uprooting numerous trees. Tree limbs were thrown up to 0.5 mi (0.80 km) away. [22][23]
EF3 S of Westfield to Downtown Springfield to SSW of Charlton Hampden, Worcester MA 42°06′N 72°45′W 4:17 p.m. – 5:27 p.m. 37.58 miles (60.48 km) 880 yards (800 m) 3 deaths – See section on this tornado – 200 people were injured. [24][25]
EF1 East New Portland to S of Embden Somerset ME 44.9087°N 70.0273°W / 44.9087; -70.0273 (East New Portland (Jun. 1, EF1)) 5:51 p.m. – 6:06 p.m. 8.38 miles (13.49 km) 200 yards (180 m) Tornado touched down in a rural area of Somerset County. Damage was confined to trees along the entire path. Winds were estimated at 90 to 100 mph (140 to 160 km/h). [26][27]
EF1 Wilbraham Hampden MA 42°08′N 72°28′W 6:32 p.m. – 6:40 p.m. 4.16 miles (6.69 km) 200 yards (180 m) Numerous trees were downed and large limbs were snapped off some trees. Numerous trees were uprooted, some of which fell onto homes and across roads. [28]
EF0 N of Brimfield Hampden MA 42°08′N 72°13′W 6:54 p.m. – 6:57 p.m. 1.69 miles (2.72 km) 100 yards (91 m) Several trees were downed, some of which were uprooted, and large limbs were snapped off some trees. Post-event analysis indicated that the tornado was weaker than initially thought. [29]
EF0 NE of Fiskdale to WSW of Glen Grove Worcester MA 42°09′N 72°04′W 7:10 p.m. – 7:13 p.m. 1.42 miles (2.29 km) 25 yards (23 m) Damage mostly limited to trees; however, one fell on and damaged a home. [30]

Greater Springfield
Greater Springfield
EF3 tornado
A satellite view of the tornado's path. The track can be seen as a brown streak across the center of the image; part of the track, including Springfield, is obscured by clouds.
Max. rating1EF3 tornado
Highest winds
  • 160 mph (260 km/h)
Casualties3 fatalities, 200 injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

On June 1, 2011, a strong, large, and long-lived tornado left a swath of major damage through Hampden County into Worcester County in Western Massachusetts. The tornado proved to be unusually persistent, remaining on the ground for one hour and ten minutes along a path 39 mi (63 km) long, the second longest on record in Massachusetts.[31] The damage path reached a width of 0.5 miles (0.80 km).[31] The city of Springfield was devastated by the June 1, 2011 tornado, as was the southern portion of the Springfield Metropolitan Area – from Westfield to Charlton. Massachusetts has experienced only eight EF3 or higher tornadoes since reliable records began to be kept in 1950, and this was the first on record in Hampden County.[32] Overall, the tornado killed three people, injured about 200 others, and left hundreds homeless.[33] In Springfield alone, approximately 500 buildings were destroyed.[34] Hundreds of other homes were destroyed in surrounding towns, including West Springfield (88 structures) and Monson (77 structures), among others.[35][36] Damage estimates from the storm, to date, exceed $140 million, the majority of which was from the destruction of homes and businesses.[37] Based on a post-storm survey by the National Weather Service office in Boston, the tornado attained maximum estimated winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) as it moved into Springfield, ranking it as a high-end EF3.[31]

This initial thunderstorm developed over western Hampden County and gradually developed and strengthened as it tracked eastward at 35 mph (56 km/h). This storm prompted a severe thunderstorm warning for portions of Hampden, Hampshire, and Worcester Counties in Massachusetts as well as Hartford, Tolland and Windham Counties in Connecticut around 4:18 p.m.,. At the time, Doppler weather radar indicated weak rotation within the storm, a sign of a possible tornado and around[38] 4:17 p.m., a tornado touched down in the Munger Hill section of Westfield, Massachusetts.[31] The previous severe thunderstorm warning was then superseded by a tornado warning at 4:30 p.m. following stronger rotation apparent on radar.[17] Within Westfield, damage was mainly confined to trees but a local school did sustain roof damage. Once the tornado moved out of the City of Westfield and into the City of West Springfield, it rapidly intensified, causing extensive damage to industrial buildings, removing roofs and the upper floors of three-story apartment complexes. Additionally, a few homes collapsed due to the severity of structural damage.[31] Throughout West Springfield, 88 buildings were destroyed and two people were killed.[36] One woman was killed after her home collapsed on top of her while she was protecting her daughter.[39] Another fatality took place when a 5 ft (1.5 m) wide oak tree fell on a vehicle, killing the driver.[40]

Homes suffering varying degrees of damage

The storm then crossed the Connecticut River and moved into Metro Center, the most urban area of the densely populated City of Springfield,[31] destroying over 500 homes and buildings.[34] The tornado caused extensive damage to Springfield's Connecticut River Walk Park, deforesting much of the park's formerly lush tree canopy and removing large sections of its wrought-iron fences.[41] Some 200-year-old Heritage Trees in Court Square were uprooted and commercial brick buildings in Springfield's historic South End sustained extensive damage – large portions of their roofs were removed and numerous, ornate brick facades were completely destroyed.[42] Severe structural damage to apartments and townhouses took place near famous Mulberry Street and due east on the campus of Springfield College. In the wealthy East Forest Park neighborhood, numerous houses were completely destroyed, and Cathedral High School sustained sufficient damage that it was eventually demolished.[43][44] Some debris from Cathedral High School was found roughly 43 mi (69 km) east, discovered in Millbury.[11] Springfield's Sixteen Acres neighborhood, a middle-class neighborhood – Springfield's most suburban in character – was similarly devastated.[45]

Continuing eastward, the tornado tracked through Wilbraham, causing near-total deforestation and extensive structural damage. The storm then moved through the center of Monson, damaging nearly every structure in the area. Many homes were badly damaged, some of which were completely flattened.[31] A total of 77 buildings were destroyed,[36] some completely. In some locations, trees were debarked and had most of their branches removed. Some unanchored homes in town slid from their foundations and collapsed. The roof of the old Monson High School, which is now the town's police building, was also completely destroyed.[31] In Natick, roughly 60 mi (97 km) from Monson, a picture from the town was found.[46]

Tree damage in Sturbridge

Shortly before 5:00 p.m.,[47] the tornado moved through Brimfield State Forest where it reached its maximum width of 0.5 mi (0.80 km). Thousands of trees were snapped and uprooted in this area.[31] Near Brimfield, the Village Green campground, a trailer park, was almost completely destroyed with 95 out of 96 trailers destroyed. Here, one person was killed after her RV was overturned by the tornado. Several homes were completely swept from their foundation in the Brimfield area as well.[36] Losses in this area exceeded $1 million.[48] Around 5:09 p.m., another tornado warning was issued to include portions of Norfolk County, Massachusetts and Providence County, Rhode Island.[49] The tornado then struck the Sturbridge area, where thousands of trees were downed and multiple homes were damaged. Significant damage took place to both buildings and trees for several miles before the storm moved into Southbridge. There, the Southbridge Airport sustained some damage and aircraft were picked up and thrown into the nearby woods. Once through the airport, the tornado ripped through the Rosemeade Apartments and devastated the neighborhood of Brookside Road, Charlton Street and Harrington Road at 5:18pm before it dissipated in southwestern Charlton at 5:27 p.m.[31]

Aftermath
National Guard troops and Massachusetts State Police secure Main Street in Springfield, Massachusetts on June 2, 2011.

Immediately following the storms, four people were reported dead, although later it was found that one death was unrelated to the storm.[33] Hundreds of people were admitted to hospitals with injuries ranging from lightning strikes to trauma, and almost 500 people were forced to leave their homes, most of whom stayed in the MassMutual Center.[50][51] Over two weeks later, more than 200 people were still homeless at the MassMutual Center in Springfield.[52] In addition to the MassMutual Center, Tantasqua High School in Sturbridge and Brookfield Elementary School were opened up as emergency shelters. A Special Emergency Response Team was activated by the state police in order to search for missing people and those trapped underneath debris.

In Springfield, firefighters from Boston, Worcester, Newton, Waltham, Watertown, and Weston assisted in rescue efforts.[53][54] Governor Deval Patrick also declared a state of emergency in Massachusetts, and activated 1,000 National Guard troops for rescue and recovery efforts.[55] By June 2, six Red Cross shelters had been opened in the state and housed about 480 people.[56][57] On June 2, 2011, the Business Improvement District of Hartford, Connecticut – Springfield's bi-state twin city – and the Downtown Boston Business Improvement District were helping the Springfield Business Improvement District with clean-up.[58] Within two days of the tornadoes, the process of demolishing 'structures beyond repair' began as local officials inspected hundreds of damaged homes.[59] By June 7, three shelters remained open, housing 362 people.[60] AmeriCorps NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps) deployed their nearby team, Summit 7 of Class 17, to aid the community in debris removal. Armed with chainsaws and other tools, the team spent several weeks helping residents clean up their homes and properties.

On June 15, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) declared Hampden and Worcester Counties as major disaster areas, allowing for government aid to be distributed to affected residents.[61] The following day, the number of insurance claims sharply rose from about 5,000 to 8,200. In addition to federal funds, state lawmakers passed a $50.3 million supplemental budget that included $15 million for emergency response, cleanup, and assistance and shelter to residents affected by the storms.[62] By June 20, just over $1 million in individual aid had been provided to 254 households.[61] $3.9M in federal funds were given to cities and towns for emergency items including debris removal and road and sidewalk repair.[63] In addition to assistance from MassDOT and waiving of license replacement fees in June by the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles, Massport donated $300,000 in unused construction supplies from the Boston Logan Residential Soundproofing Program.[63]

See also

References
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Notes
  1. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.
KML is from Wikidata
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