2012 Senegalese presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Senegal on 26 February 2012,[1][2] amidst controversy over the constitutional validity of a third term for incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade. In the runoff on 25 March,[3] Macky Sall defeated the incumbent president. The 2015 documentary film Incorruptible chronicles both campaigns as well as the youth movement Y'en Marre, which led protests against Wade's administration.

2012 Senegalese presidential election

26 February 2012 (first round) 25 March 2012 (second round)

Nominee Macky Sall Abdoulaye Wade Party APR PDS Popular vote 1,909,244 992,556 Percentage 65.80% 34.20%

President before election Abdoulaye Wade PDS President-elect Macky Sall APR

Background

The 26 February 2012 date for the election was decreed by President of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade on 23 November 2010. President Wade indicated that he would stand for his third term, set at seven years by the constitution.[4][5] While the 2001 constitution limits a President to two terms, Wade argued that his 2000 election to his first seven-year term falls under the previous constitution, which did not provide for term limits.[6]

2010–2011 protests and violence

In April 2010, Wade came under fire for unveiling a monument that was deemed too expensive. It was also criticised by religious leaders for the immodest attire of the women in the monument. While there was domestic criticism, the United States' Jesse Jackson and Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika praised Wade's representation of Africa. Similarly, North Korea, who contributed to the construction of the monument in exchange for a tract of land, congratulated Wade.

In December 2010, Senegalese troops engaged and repulsed 100 MFDC rebels after they attacked Bignona, Casamance.[7] In February 2011, the Senegalese government cut ties with Iran, later alleging that forensic analysis of bullets obtained from rebels revealed that the Iranian government had supplied them.[8]

On 18 February 2011, Oumar Bocoum, a soldier, used gasoline to set himself on fire outside the presidential palace in Dakar, following a pattern of protest used throughout the Middle East.[9][10]

In June, after violent protests, Wade dropped plans for two constitutional changes: lowering the percentage of votes required for a first-round victory from 50% to 25% and creating the position of vice-president, also to be elected. Critics feared that Wade would use this to ensure his re-election against a split opposition, and to make his son vice-president.[11] In response to a protest planned for 23 July, a ban on protesting in Dakar was laid down on 21 July 2011; the protesters in response moved the planned protest outside the city.[12]

Constitutional Court term limit ruling

On 27 January 2012, the Constitutional Court of Senegal ruled that Wade was allowed to run for a third term – according to the ruling, his first term did not count under the new constitution.[13]

Protests erupted the following day. Buildings burned across the capital Dakar. Police fired tear gas at youth protesters who questioned the ruling. Wade made a television appearance in which he called the protests "displays of petulance" and promised an "open" electoral campaign with "no restrictions on freedom." Protesters said that they would turn the Place de l'Obelisque in central Dakar into the country's version of Tahrir Square, the focal point of the 2011 Egyptian revolution which led to the ouster of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.[13]

Head of the Party of Independence and Labour and member of the M23 opposition activist group Amath Dansokho told reporters, "Abdoulaye Wade has declared war on the people". Truckloads of police in full riot gear and armed with tear gas grenade launchers and truncheons surrounded the presidential palace used by Wade. Leading human rights activist Alioune Tine was detained.[14]

The protests continued into February. Riot police fired volleys of tear gas and rubber bullets in Dakar on 19 February 2012, one week before the election.[15]

The protests finally ended when Sall defeated Wade in the runoff election.

Candidates

In addition to the fourteen eventual candidates, Bruno d'Erneville, President of Programme Action Citoyenne Totale, musician Youssou N'Dour,[16] Abdourahmane Sarr and Kéba Keinde intended to run in the election as independents. In January 2012, Bruno d'Erneville formed an alliance with Ibrahima Fall and withdrew.[17] The other three intended candidates were barred from running in the election over insufficiency of legitimate signatures to endorse their campaigns.[13][18]

Candidate[18]		Party	2007 result
	Ousmane Tanor Dieng	Socialist Party of Senegal	Ousmane Tanor Dieng (PS) 13.56%
	Moustapha Niasse	United to Boost Senegal Alliance of the Forces of Progress	Moustapha Niasse (AFP) 5.93%
	Macky Sall	Alliance for the Republic – Yakaar	supported Abdoulaye Wade
	Idrissa Seck	Rewmi	Idrissa Seck (Rewmi) 14.92%
	Abdoulaye Wade	Senegalese Democratic Party	Abdoulaye Wade (PDS) 55.90%
	Mor Dieng	fr:YAAKAAR, le Parti de l’Espoir
	Cheikh Tidiane Gadio	Citizen Political Movement	supported Abdoulaye Wade
	Cheikh Bamba Dièye	Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubël	fr:Cheikh Bamba Dièye (FSD/BJ) 0.50%
	Doudou Ndoye	Union for the Republic	Doudou Ndoye (UPR) 0.29%
	Djibril Ngom	Independent
	Ibrahima Fall	Independent
	Diouma Dieng Diakhaté	fr:Parti Initiative démocratique jogal
	Oumar Khassimou Dia	fr:Parti humaniste Naxx Jarinu
	Amsatou Sow Sidibé	fr:CAR Lennen

Campaign

For the second round Sall called on all other losing candidates and N'Dour to support him on the promise of returning to five-year terms from the previous seven-year term that Wade controversially restored; he also said he would ensure that no leader could hold more than two terms.[19]

Results

Following a review of the Constitutional Council's official result for the first round, Wade had 34.8% of the votes with Sall forcing a runoff after getting 26.5% of the votes; Moustapha Niasse was in third place with 13.2%, Ousmane Tanor Dieng was in fourth place with 11.3%, and Idrissa Seck followed with 7.86%.[19][20]

A run-off was held on 25 March between Wade and Sall[19] with Sall winning the presidency.[21] Notably, Wade lost by a big margin in his own constituency of Point-E. The election commission warned both candidates not to prematurely declare victory. Voting occurred without undue incidents.[22]

Candidate	Party	First round		Second round
		Votes	%	Votes	%
Abdoulaye Wade	Senegalese Democratic Party	942,327	34.81	992,556	34.20
Macky Sall	Alliance for the Republic	719,367	26.58	1,909,244	65.80
Moustapha Niasse	Alliance of the Forces of Progress	357,330	13.20
Ousmane Tanor Dieng	Socialist Party of Senegal	305,924	11.30
Idrissa Seck	Rewmi	212,853	7.86
Cheikh Bamba Dièye	Front for Socialism and Democracy–BJ	52,196	1.93
Ibrahima Fall	Independent	48,972	1.81
Cheikh Tidiane Gadio	Citizen Political Movement	26,655	0.98
Mor Dieng	Party of Hope	11,402	0.42
Djibril Ngom	Independent	10,207	0.38
Oumar Khassimou Dia	Humanist Party Ñaxx Jariñu	6,469	0.24
Amsatou Sow Sidibé	Party for Democracy and Citizenship	5,167	0.19
Doudou Ndoye	Union for the Republic	4,566	0.17
Diouma Dieng Diakhaté	Jogal Democratic Initiative Party	3,354	0.12
Invalid/blank votes		28,346	–	14,093	–
Total		2,735,135	100	2,915,893	100
Registered voters/turnout		5,302,349	51.58	5,301,648	55.00
Source: African Elections Database

Reactions

After the second round, Wade announced the preliminary result and congratulated Sall. "My dear compatriots, at the end of the second round of the vote...the current results indicate that Macky Sall has won." His spokesman Amadou Sall said: "It is the whole country that has just won ... This is a big moment for democracy and President Abdoulaye Wade has respected the voice of the people." Thousands of Sall's supporters then celebrated on the streets of Dakar and outside the winning party's headquarters.[23] The Senegalese Press Agency said that Wade called Sall at 21:30 to congratulate him. Sall said he would be a president for all the Senegalese people and the election marked a "new era."[24] Wade's presidential spokesman Serigne Mbacke Ndiaye issued a statement that read: "On this day...at 9:27 p.m., President Abdoulaye Wade...wish[ed Sall] good luck in his mission at the head of Senegal in the hopes that he will render the Senegalese happy. In this way, Senegal, through a transparent election, has once again proven that she remains a great democracy – a great country."[25]

International reactions included:

• The African Union said Wade's concession was a show of "maturity." The Commission's chairman Jean Ping said the peaceful conduct of the election "proved that Africa, despite its challenges, continues to register significant progress towards democracy and transparent elections."
•  European Union – A spokesman for Catherine Ashton said the election was "a great victory for democracy in Senegal and in Africa. Senegal is a great example for Africa."[24]
•  United Nations – The UN praised and welcomed Wade's concession speech.[25]
•  France – President Nicolas Sarkozy said the election was "good news for Africa in general and for Senegal in particular. Senegal is a major African country and a model of democracy."[24]
•  United States – The White House also praised and welcomed Wade's concession speech.[25]

Government formation

After being sworn in on 2 April, Sall appointed Abdoul Mbaye as prime minister. Sall said that as "we aren't able to do everything. I haven't promised to do everything," his focus would be on poverty alleviation and development. This was boosted by the union of university professors suspending a strike to allow the new government to review its demands.[26]

References

1. "CANDIDATURE A LA PRESIDENTIELLE DE 2012 DU SENEGAL: Ibrahima Fall déroule sa feuille de route". Denise ZAROUR MEDANG, Sud Quotidien 10 June 2011.
2. "IFES Election Guide – Country Profile: Senegal".
3. Senegal presidential run-off set for March 25, AFP, 5 March 2012
4. Drew Hinshaw. "Senegal Sets Next Presidential Election for Feb. 26, 2012". Bloomberg BusinessWeek, 23 November 2010.
5. "Senegal's President Says He'll Run in 2012". Voice of America. 17 November 2009.
6. Diadie Ba. "Senegalese leader in row over 2012 re-election bid". Reuters, 24 August 2010.
7. Senegalese army sweeps Casamance after fight with separatists rfi
8. Senegal Forensic Study Shows Iranian Weapons Used in Casamance Bloomberg
9. Man dies after setting himself on fire in Senegal The Associated Press
10. Benin, Senegal, Mauritania Impacted by Protest Movements Yahoo!
11. "Senegal: Abdoulaye Wade drops poll plans after riots", BBC News, 23 June 2011.
12. "BBC News – Senegal's President Abdoulaye Wade bans demonstrations". BBC. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
13. "Senegal clashes erupt as court clears Wade poll bid". BBC News. 28 January 2012.
14. "Senegal opposition urges more "resistance" after riots". Reuters. 28 January 2012.
15. "Senegal protesters clash with police a week before vote". africasia. 19 February 2012.
16. "Youssou N'Dour announces Senegal presidential bid". BBC News. 2 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
17. "Ibrahima Fall et Bruno d'Erneville mettent en place 'une alliance stratégique'". Agence de Presse Sénégalaise. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
18. "" L'intégralité de l'arrêt du Conseil constitutionnel du 27 janvier 2012 " : ''Publication de la liste des candidats à l'élection du président de la République du 26 février 2012'', ''Rewmi''". Rewmi.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
19. "Senegal presidential poll results confirm run-off". BBC News. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
20. "Senegal's Abdoulaye Wade accepts election run-off". BBC News. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
21. Nossiter, Adam (25 March 2012). "President Concedes Race in Senegal". The New York Times.
22. AFP 26 March 2012. "Senegal elects new president". Montrealgazette.com. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
23. "Senegal opposition celebrates election win – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
24. "Macky Sall Senegal election win 'example for Africa' | Africa". World.myjoyonline.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
25. Rukmini Callimachi. "Analysis: In Senegal, a weighty phone call". Associated Press.
26. "Technocrat to be Senegal's new prime minister - Africa". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 13 August 2012.

Bibliography

• "President Takes Office." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, 2012, 49: 19230C–19231B.
• Jean-Philippe Dedieu, Lisa Chauvet, Flore Gubert, Sandrine Mesplé-Somps, Etienne Smith. "The ‘Battles’ of Paris and New York. An Analysis of Transnational Electoral Behaviour among Senegalese Migrants in France and the United States." Revue française de science politique, 2013, 63(5): 53–80.
• Alpha Amadou Sy, Les élections présidentielles au Sénégal de mars 2012 : le triomphe de la volonté populaire, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2013.
• Union européenne. Mission d’observation électorale, Bruxelles, Union Européenne, 2012.

External links

• Adam Carr's Election Archive