2015 Pan American Games

The 2015 Pan American Games (French: Jeux Panaméricains de 2015), officially the XVII Pan American Games and commonly known as the Toronto 2015 Pan-Am Games (French: Jeux panaméricains de 2015 à Toronto), were a major international multi-sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Pan American Games, as governed by Pan American Sports Organization (PASO). The games were held from July 10 to 26, 2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; preliminary rounds in certain events began on July 7, 2015. These were the third Pan American games hosted by Canada, and the first in the province of Ontario. The Games were held at venues in Toronto and seventeen other Golden Horseshoe communities.[1] The Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games were organized by the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games (TO2015).

"Toronto 2015" redirects here. For the Parapan American Games, see 2015 Parapan American Games.

XVII Pan American Games
Logo of the 2015 Pan American Games
Host cityToronto, Canada
MottoUnited We Play
Nations41
Athletes6,132
Events364 in 36 sports
OpeningJuly 10
ClosingJuly 26
Opened by
Governor General David Johnston
Cauldron
Steve Nash
StadiumPan Am Dome
← 2011 Guadalajara 2019 Lima →
Part of a series on the
2015 Pan American Games

The Games hosted 6,132 athletes representing 41 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) in the Americas, marking the largest multi-sport event hosted in Canada, in terms of athletes competing.[2] A record of 45% of competitors were women, the most ever for any multi-sport event.[3] 364 events were contested in 36 sports, which included the 28 sports contested at the 2016 Summer Olympics; certain sports also served as qualification paths for these Olympics. Canoe slalom and golf made their Pan American Games debut, as well as women's competitions in baseball, C-1 canoe and rugby sevens.

In 2019, the organizing committee reported that the games came in under budget by $38 million and left a strong legacy for the region with a legacy fund of over $60 million to maintain these structures for a twenty-year period after the Games were held (i.e., until 2035).[4]

Bidding process
Main article: Bids for the 2015 Pan American Games
Toronto was selected by the Canadian Olympic Committee as the official bid city from Canada for the 2015 Pan American Games

The Canadian Olympic Committee chose Toronto and the surrounding region as the Canadian candidate. No other Canadian city was given a chance to bid in a domestic race, and thus Toronto was selected without a vote.[5] Toronto's interest in bidding came after failing to land the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta and Beijing, respectively.

On February 23, 2009, Toronto City Council and Hamilton City Council approved the bid and confirmed their intentions to support the successful hosting of the event.[6] The official bid book document was submitted to the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) on May 27, 2009.[7]

PASO made an evaluation visit to Toronto between August 30 and 31, 2009. The team analysed the candidate city features and provided its feedback back to voting members of PASO. The evaluation committee was headed by Julio Maglione, a member of the IOC representing Uruguay and the head of Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), the international swimming federation. After the visit Maglione said, "Toronto has all the conditions to play host to the Pan American Games."[8]

Toronto won the bidding process to host the Pan and Parapan American Games by a vote of the Pan American Sports Organization on November 6, 2009, at the PASO Session held in Guadalajara, Mexico. The result was announced by PASO President Mario Vázquez Raña.[9] Toronto faced two other finalists shortlisted Lima, Peru (which later won the rights to host the 2019 Pan American Games), and Bogotá, Colombia. Toronto earned 33 votes, while contesting candidate cities Lima and Bogotá received 11 and 7 votes, respectively.[10] Then-Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford and Canadian Minister for Sport Bal Gosal received the Pan American Sports Organization flag during the closing ceremony of the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico.[11]

2015 Pan American Games bidding results
City NOC Round 1
Toronto Canada 33
Lima Peru 11
Bogotá Colombia 7

Development and preparation

Venues
Main article: Venues of the 2015 Pan American and Parapan American Games
Rogers Centre (temporarily renamed Pan Am Dome for the duration of the Games) hosted the opening and closing ceremonies.
BMO Field (temporarily renamed Exhibition Stadium for the duration of the Games) staged the rugby sevens competition

The 2015 Pan American Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as Exhibition Place. After the Games, some of the new facilities will be reused in their games time form, while others will be resized. A total of 30 competition venues across 14 municipalities were used for competition. Ten of these venues were newly built, while fifteen were renovated to stage the games.[12]

Toronto was one of the most populous cities in history to hold the Pan American Games. In July, Toronto has an average mean temperature of 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) and afternoon maximum average of 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) The average humidity is 74%, and the city (downtown area) averages five days with the temperature exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) and about 65 millimetres (2.6 in) of precipitation, mostly brief periods of showers and sometimes thunderstorms. Toronto's elevation is 112 m (367 ft 5 1⁄2 in) above sea level on average, though the city has many steep hills and ravines.[13]

In January 2012, the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games (TO2015) announced that sixty percent of the venues that had been proposed would be dropped in favour of a clustering system seen at other multi-sport events such as the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[14]

The opening and closing ceremonies were held at Rogers Centre (renamed "Pan Am Dome" due to sponsorship rules). Some of the competition venues in the Toronto area included BMO Field (renamed "Exhibition Stadium" due to sponsorship rules), the Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields, the Enercare Centre and the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre. Competition venues outside the city of Toronto included Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Hershey Centre, Markham Pan Am Centre in Markham, the GM Centre in Oshawa, and the Royal Canadian Henley Rowing Course in St. Catharines.[12]

Financing

The Toronto 2015 Organizing Committee and three jurisdictions of government were to spend about CA$672 million in upgrading and building new venues in the region.[15] An additional CA$760 million was to be spent in operating expenses such as venue management and marketing.[15] The Canadian federal government was expected to provide CA$500 million in funding for the games, while the City of Toronto's contribution was to be CA$86 million. Other municipalities which are hosting sporting events were to cover CA$205 million of the costs. All remaining costs were covered by the Government of Ontario. Revenue from the games were expected to cover ten percent of the cost to stage the games.[16] The organizing committee expected to generate CA$172 million in revenue. In addition, CA$709 million was to be spent on building an athletes' village in the West Don Lands area of Toronto. A further CA$239 million was budgeted on security, while transportation costs were around CA$90 million.[17] In 2014, the Ontario government provided an additional CA$74 million to expand the torch relay, provide additional live broadcasting of events and other features.[16] Therefore, the total spent was expected to be CA$2.57 billion, the highest-ever cost of a single Pan-Am Games.[16]

In 2016, Ontario auditor-general Bonnie Lysyk issued a report suggesting that the games were over-budget by CA$342 million.[18]

Infrastructure
The Union Pearson Express
Temporary high-occupancy vehicle lanes were installed on Toronto's Don Valley Parkway for the Pan Am Games
See also: Pan Am Path

The Union Pearson Express, an airport rail link from Toronto Pearson International Airport to Union Station, started full-time service on June 6, 2015.[19] The games created a deadline for a project that had been stalled for years.[20] In addition, a new GO Transit train station in Hamilton at James Street North opened in time for the games.[21]

In October 2013, an expansion of the Pan Am site was announced to help complete 250 kilometres (160 mi) in gaps in Ontario's Trans Canada Trail and connect communities from Ottawa to Windsor and Fort Erie to Huntsville in time for the games. Connections to the Waterfront Trail were expected to be expanded and complete gaps in the trail. Premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne announced "The province is investing more than $3.5 million in Pan Am/Parapan Am Trails to help create a continuous trail of more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi)."[22]

Athlete's Village
The 2015 Pan American Games Athlete's Village in January 2015
Main article: 2015 Pan American Games Athletes' Village

The Athlete's Village was located in the West Don Lands along Front Street between Bayview Avenue and Cherry Street. It had the capacity to hold 10,000 athletes and officials during the Pan Am and Parapan Am Games and after the games will be converted into housing. The development was to be certified LEED Gold.[23]

In conjunction with The 519 organization and the Church and Wellesley LGBT neighbourhood, the event also hosted the first Pride House for LGBT athletes and tourists staged at a Pan American Games.[24]

Volunteers

The organization committee expected 23,000 volunteers to be required for Pan Am and Parapan Am Games.[25] Over 63,000 applicants applied to become a volunteer.[26]

Ticketing

Ticket sales began in September 2014. The Games expected to have 1.4 million tickets for sale, with over 75% of them priced under $45. The first tranche of tickets was to be allocated via a lottery system.[27][28] Over one million tickets were sold.[29]

Countdown
Countdown clock in Nathan Phillips Square

The one-year countdown took place in Nathan Phillips Square in Downtown Toronto on July 10, 2014, in which a countdown clock was unveiled. A Cirque du Soleil performance was also held there.[30]

Medals

In October 2013, it was announced that the medals for the games would be produced and designed by the Royal Canadian Mint.[31] In September 2014, it was announced that the supplier of the raw minerals used in the medals (over 4,000 in total) would be Toronto-based Barrick Gold. All the materials used in the medals will come from the company's operations in the Pan American region.[32] The copper was mined at the company's Zaldivar mine in Chile, the silver at the Pueblo Viejo mine in the Dominican Republic and the gold was mined at the Hemlo mine in northwestern Ontario in the Unorganized Thunder Bay District near Thunder Bay.[33]

The designs of the medals were revealed on March 3, 2015 at a ceremony at the Royal Ontario Museum. The design of the medals for the first time in an international able-bodied multi-sport event included braille. The medals are roughly 86.7 millimetres (3.41 in) in diameter and weigh about 350 grams (12 oz).[34] The artist of the medals is Christi Belcourt. There are three shapes on the front of the medal representing North America, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America, the three regions that competed at the games, while also giving a feel and texture of the medal podium. The back of the medal represents the logo and motto of the games and the design also includes elements and techniques of mokume-gane.[35][36]

Torch relay
Main article: 2015 Pan American Games torch relay

An application period for Canadians to carry the torch opened in October 2014 and continued until December. Anyone aged 13 or older as of May 30, 2015 was eligible to become a torchbearer. Most of the torchbearers were selected by a random selection, while the others were selected by torch relay communities and games partners.[37]

The torch took a 41-day journey after being lit in May 2015 at the pyramids of Teotihuacan, Mexico north of Mexico City. The torch was brought through a total of 130 communities, mostly in Ontario (with five outside the province: Richmond, Winnipeg, Calgary, Halifax and Montreal). The torch was carried by about 3,000 torchbearers and travel approximately 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi).[38] The relay began on May 30, 2015 in Toronto and finished on July 10, the date of the opening ceremony.[39]

The detailed torch relay route and celebration sites were announced on February 24, 2015.[38] The torch arrived in Toronto and then headed to Thunder Bay before visiting all other communities on the route. The relay also visited five National Historic Sites of Canada, six Canadian Forces bases and one provincial park. There were 180 celebrations across the torch relay route.[40][41]

The Games

Opening ceremony
Main article: 2015 Pan American Games opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Friday July 10, 2015, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at the Pan Am Dome.[42] The opening ceremony was produced and directed by Cirque du Soleil.[43] The production became the largest event produced by the company.[44]

Governor General David Johnston officially opened the games.[45]

Closing ceremony
Main article: 2015 Pan American Games closing ceremony

The closing ceremony took place on Sunday July 26, 2015, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at the Pan Am Dome in Toronto.[42] The closing ceremony was produced and directed jointly by B5C Productions, BaAM Productions and FiveCurrents,[46] in association with Live Nation.[47] American rapper and music producer Kanye West was chosen as the headliner for the closing ceremony, although the decision was met with public backlash and spurred the formation of an online petition calling for West's removal from the ceremony to be replaced with a Canadian musician to headline the ceremony. Other performers included Pitbull and Serena Ryder, the former of whom is also American, though the latter is Canadian.[48]

Participating nations

All 41 nations of PASO competed, one less than in the 2011 Pan American Games, as the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee was dissolved in 2011.[49] The numbers in parenthesis represents the number of participants qualified.

Participating countries.

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

Sports
The lead pack in the Pan American Games women's marathon

A total of 36 sports, 51 disciplines and 364 medal events were contested in these Games.[50] Basque pelota was the only sport dropped from the last games.[51] Golf (after being added to the Olympic program for 2016) also made its Pan American Games debut.[51] Canoe slalom, the only Olympic discipline never to have been held at the Games, also made its debut, meaning for the first time the entire Olympic sports program was contested.[51][52] Furthermore, both canoe disciplines had C-1 events for women for the first time.[52] Women's baseball and women's rugby sevens also made their debuts, with men's softball returning to the program, after last being contested in 2003.[28][53][54] A total of 19 sports (the most ever) were direct or indirect (such as opportunities to gain qualification times) qualifiers for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[3]

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events to be contested in each sport/discipline.

Calendar
Main article: Chronological summary of the 2015 Pan American Games

In the following calendar of events, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held. The number in each box represents the number of finals that were contested on that day. Events began three days before the opening ceremony on July 7 and ended with the closing ceremony on July 26.[55][56]

OCOpening ceremony ●Event competitions 1Event finals CCClosing ceremony
July 7
Tue		 8
Wed		 9
Thu		 10
Fri		 11
Sat		 12
Sun		 13
Mon		 14
Tue		 15
Wed		 16
Thu		 17
Fri		 18
Sat		 19
Sun		 20
Mon		 21
Tue		 22
Wed		 23
Thu		 24
Fri		 25
Sat		 26
Sun		 Events
Ceremonies (opening / closing) OC CC N/A
Archery ● ● ● 2 2 4
Athletics 1 2 9 8 8 10 8 1 47
Badminton ● ● ● ● 2 3 5
Baseball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 2
Basketball ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● 1 2
Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
Bowling ● 2 ● 2 4
Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● 6 7 13
Canoeing 1 1 5 6 ● 5 18
Cycling ● 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 18
Diving ● 2 2 4 8
Equestrian ● 1 1 ● ● 2 ● 1 1 6
Fencing 2 2 2 2 2 2 12
Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Golf ● ● ● 3 3
Gymnastics 1 1 2 5 5 ● 2 5 3 24
Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Judo 3 3 4 4 14
Karate 3 3 4 10
Modern pentathlon 1 1 2
Racquetball ● ● ● ● ● 4 ● 2 6
Roller sports ● 4 4 8
Rowing ● ● 4 5 5 14
Rugby sevens ● 2 2
Sailing ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 5 10
Shooting 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 15
Softball ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 2
Squash ● ● 2 2 ● ● 2 6
Swimming 1 1 6 7 5 8 6 34
Synchronized swimming ● 2 2
Table tennis ● ● 2 ● ● ● 2 4
Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8
Tennis ● ● ● ● ● 3 2 5
Triathlon 1 1 2
Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Water skiing ● ● 3 6 9
Weightlifting 3 3 3 3 3 15
Wrestling 4 5 5 4 18
Total events 16 23 31 34 32 19 21 26 31 8 17 17 22 27 33 7 364
Cumulative total 16 39 70 104 136 155 176 202 233 241 258 275 297 324 357 364 N/A
July7
Tue		8
Wed		9
Thu		10
Fri		11
Sat		12
Sun		13
Mon		14
Tue		15
Wed		16
Thu		17
Fri		18
Sat		19
Sun		20
Mon		21
Tue		22
Wed		23
Thu		24
Fri		25
Sat		26
Sun		Events

Medal table
Main article: 2015 Pan American Games medal table

United States won the most medals with a total of 265. Canada, the host country, won 219 medals. Other notable mentions include St. Lucia winning its first Pan American gold medal.[57]

Key

  *   Host nation (Canada)

RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States (USA)1038280265
2 Canada (CAN)*787071219
3 Brazil (BRA)423960141
4 Cuba (CUB)36273497
5 Colombia (COL)27143172
6 Mexico (MEX)22304395
7 Argentina (ARG)15293074
8 Venezuela (VEN)8222050
9 Ecuador (ECU)791632
10 Guatemala (GUA)61310
11–31Remaining NOCs223969130
Totals (31 NOCs)3663624571185

Anti-doping
Athletes disqualified for doping
Athlete Nation Sport Prohibited substance Note
Stephanie Bragayrac ParaguayWrestlingFurosemide[58][59]
María Luisa Calle ColombiaCycling – Road and trackGHRP2[59][60]
Astrid Camposeco GuatemalaWeightliftingClenbuterol, boldenone[61][62]
Mario Mercedes Castillo Dominican RepublicBaseballDimethylbutylamine[59][63]
Cinthya Domínguez MexicoWeightliftingOxandrolone[59][61][63]
Mauricio Fiol PeruSwimming – 200-metre butterfly Stanozolol[59][61]
Nelson Gomez Puerto RicoBaseballBoldenone[59][61][63]
Jesús González VenezuelaWeightlifting[64]
Christopher Guajardo ChileAthletics – MarathonEPO[65][66]
Elverine Jimenez NicaraguaWrestlingDHEA[58][59]
Patrick Mendes BrazilWeightlifting4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone[59][61][67]
Sheila Ocasio Puerto RicoVolleyballStanozolol[68]
Javier Jesus Ortiz Angulo ColombiaBaseballStanozolol[59][63]
Carlos Oyarzun ChileCycling – RoadFG-4592[59][69]
María Pastuña EcuadorAthletics – 10,000 metres, 5,000 metresNandrolone[70][71]
Richard Peralta Robledo PanamaFootballClostebol[70][71]
Rene Silva Rios NicaraguaWrestlingBoldenone[59]
Gladys Tejeda PeruAthletics – Marathon Furosemide[72][73]
Luz Vázquez ArgentinaWrestling - Freestyle 69 kg Hormone and metabolic modulator[59][69]
Merin Zalazar HondurasBoxingFurosemide[58][59]

Media

Broadcasting
Main article: List of 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games broadcasters
Enercare Centre hosted broadcasting facilities for the Games.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) served as the host and domestic broadcaster of the 2015 Pan American Games; locally, coverage was broadcast in the English and French languages by CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé, and CBC's website carried 650 hours of online coverage.[74][75] Pay television rights were sub-licensed to Sportsnet, which aired the football (soccer) tournaments, and a semi-final of the Men's basketball tournament that involved Canada.[76] Spanish language rights were sub-licensed to Telelatino and Univision Canada; the broadcaster collaborated with US Spanish-language rights-holder ESPN Deportes on its own coverage.[77][78][79] CBC stated that it was "very happy" with the ratings performance of the Games; primetime coverage averaged around 900,000 to 1 million viewers per-night, and the opening ceremonies were seen by 1.93 million viewers across CBC and CBC News Network, with the largest audience being in the Toronto region.[76][80]

In the United States, ESPN held broadcast rights, with 66 hours of English-language coverage across ESPN and ESPN2, 44 hours on Longhorn Network, 200 hours of Spanish-language coverage on ESPN Deportes, and streaming on WatchESPN. ESPN broadcast from studios at Corus Quay, which was linked to the IBC (and in turn, ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut). ESPN and ESPN Deportes used their own hosts, as well of those of CBC, as part of its multi-platform coverage.[81][82]

Rede Record acquired rights in Brazil, paying a record US$30 million.[83][84] Other broadcasting deals include Torneos y Competencias sports in Argentina, Claro Sports in Mexico and Latina Televisión in Peru.[85]

Marketing
The original bid logo for the games

Toronto's bid logo was launched on October 2, 2008, with the then-Toronto mayor David Miller and then-head of the organizing committee David Peterson unveiling the logo to the public. The bid logo looks like an abstract maple leaf with three sections, each section made up of two strokes in the shape of a "v" with a spot in the centre. The colours are green, red and blue. This was the official logo of the games until 2010, when the new logo was launched.[86]

On September 29, 2010, the official logo of the games was unveiled at a street party at Maple Leaf Square.[87] According to Ian Troop, the former chief executive officer of Toronto 2015 organizing committee, the logo is designed on the basis of the different art styles seen throughout the 41 countries that compete at the games.[87]

Mascot
Main article: Pachi the Porcupine
Pachi greets US Ambassador Bruce Heyman at the 2015 Pan American Games

In January 2013, it was announced that a contest would determine the mascot of the games. Children under the age of 16 had until March 8, 2013 to submit their ideas.[88] 4,000 ideas and drawings were submitted to the organizing committee during this time frame.[89] In April 2013, a shortlist of six mascot designs (which were produced by professional graphic designers with the sketches by the children as models) were released, including a raccoon, beaver, moose, two pixie creature twins, porcupine and an owl.[90] The final six were selected based on originality, how well they represent Canadian culture and the branding of the Games, and the appeal they had amongst adults and children.[89] On April 22, 2013, the general public was allowed to vote for the mascot they felt was the best. Voting was open until May 5, 2013.[89]

On July 17, 2013, Pachi the Porcupine was revealed as the official mascot of the games at an unveiling at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre.[91] The mascot received over 33,000 votes from the nationwide vote.[91] The winning design was submitted by four grade-eight students at a school in Markham.[91] The name Pachi means "clapping with joy" in Japanese, while the 41 quills the porcupine has represent the 41 participating countries at the games.[92] The New York Times described the mascot as "a departure from the usual cute and cuddly" and "a marketing challenge".[93]

Music

The event's official theme song was released in three versions: the English-language "Together We Are One", performed by Serena Ryder; the French "Ensemble on est immense", performed by Jasmine Denham; and the Spanish "Unidos Somos Más", performed by Eva Avila.[94]

Sponsorship

Private sponsors included Chevrolet Canada.[95] Another sponsorship deal with CAA South Central Ontario announced in January 2014 was terminated in May 2014.[95][96]

The Toronto 2015 pop-up store at Toronto Eaton Centre.

Premier and lead partners

Official suppliers

Concerns and controversies

Scheduling

The aquatics events at the 2015 Pan American Games were scheduled to be held roughly around the same time as the 2015 World Aquatics Championships scheduled in Kazan, Russia. In order to maintain the quality of its fields, the schedule of the five aquatics disciplines had to be changed to accommodate athletes. The synchronized swimming competition was moved to the day before the opening ceremony, diving events began on the day of the opening ceremony (when events are traditionally not held on the day of the ceremony), open water swimming was moved to the first weekend of the games, swimming was reduced to a five-day schedule (down from seven in 2011), and water polo competitions began three days before the opening ceremony. All events were scheduled to be completed by July 24, six days before the opening ceremonies of the World Championships, which in itself was moved back a week to accommodate the games. The change in schedule meant that for the first time, events were held before the opening ceremony.[107][108]

The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup concluded on the Sunday prior to the opening ceremony; due to the proximity of the events, teams who competed in both the Women's World Cup and the Pan Am women's football tournament were not expected to field their best players due to availability.[109] Toronto and Hamilton had decided not to bid to host matches during the Women's World Cup due to a potential conflict with the Games.[110]

The 2015 World Archery Championships were scheduled later in July, to avoid conflict with the games, while the 2015 World Fencing Championships (which finished one day prior to the start of fencing competitions at the Pan-Am Games) were coordinated to allow athletes to compete at both events. Finally, the second round of the 2015 Davis Cup was moved ahead one week to avoid conflict with the tennis competitions. Tennis competitions were held before the opening ceremony, to allow athletes to compete in both events.[3][111]

The volleyball tournaments and the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix and the FIVB Volleyball World League were played at roughly the same time, leading to scheduling conflicts for teams playing both events.[3]

The IndyCar Series' Honda Indy Toronto race, which is held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place, was moved to June from July to avoid conflicting with the Games.[112]

Expenses claims

In September 2013, it was reported that many senior members of the organizing committee, including then-CEO Ian Troop, expensed Ontario taxpayers for things such as a cup of tea. This led to outrage among provincial politicians including Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne, "I'm just going to say it's ridiculous. It is the kind of entitlement that is unacceptable".[113] In response to the backlash the organization released an updated expenses and travel policy in November 2013.[114] In December 2013, Troop was ousted by the organization's board of directors, just three months after the expense scandal came into light.[115] He was replaced by Saad Rafi.[115] In 2014, more expenses by the organization came under scrutiny including boxes of South American wine.[116]

In 2015, Ian Troop, the former CEO, gave an interview in which he stated that organizers cleared him from any wrongdoing, and that all expenses fell under the organization's policy. Troop also mentioned under his leadership the organization saved CA$50 million from the capital infrastructure budget. Troop's firing had nothing to do with the expenses scandal that arose in 2013.[117]

Executive compensation and bonuses

The games' organizing committee came under scrutiny for the high compensation and bonus packages its executive team has been awarded.[118] Under Ontario's Salary Disclosure rules, any provincial employee receiving over CA$100,000 in compensation will have their salary publicly disclosed. In 2012, it was revealed that former CEO Ian Troop made CA$552,065 , with several other senior staff making between CA$100,000 and CA$400,000 . Additionally, in 2013 it was revealed that as part of his compensation package, Troop would be eligible for a CA$780,000 bonus at the end of his contract, if the games had finished successfully. Other executives are eligible for bonuses of up to 100% of their salaries upon completion of their contract.[119] In 2015, it was revealed that Troop's replacement, Saad Rafi, would receive a bonus of 100% of his CA$428,794 salary upon completion of his contract. Rafi did not collect his bonus at the conclusion of the games.[120]

Reception of the Games in Toronto
The 3D Toronto sign placed in Nathan Phillips Square for the Games became a symbol of their positive response, and of the city as a whole. It was later made permanent.

Toronto's Globe and Mail described a lack of excitement for the games by Toronto residents and "lacklustre" ticket sales,[121] while The New York Times described Toronto residents as "indifferent" and "apathetic" to the games due to excessive costs and "apocalyptic news coverage" of traffic disruptions, adding "Canada is a country where winter sports predominate, and the Pan Am Games have never been of immense interest".[93][122] One Toronto journalist wrote "in Toronto's fierce desire to be a world class city, the Pan Am Games are viewed as a consolation prize to previous unsuccessful Olympic bids".[122]

Signs of a more positive reception to the Games began to emerge following its opening; on the first official day of competition, 20,000 tickets were sold (in comparison to a single-day projection of eight to nine thousand), and by the next day, at least 850,000 of the 1.2 million total tickets had been sold.[123] By the end of the games, approximately 1.05 million out of 1.2 million available tickets were sold, marking the largest total sold for a single edition of the games.[124]

A large, illuminated "Toronto" sculpture sign installed in Nathan Phillips Square for the Games proved to be popular with locals and tourists as a spot for photos, and came to become a symbol of the renewed enthusiasm surrounding the Pan Am Games. Considering it a symbol of their legacy, Mayor of Toronto John Tory solicited suggestions for a permanent location for the sign following the Games. It was later announced that the sign would remain in the Square in its current form through at least the end of 2016[125][126] and later extended to the end of 2017 with the temporary addition of a maple leaf for the 150th anniversary of Canadian confederation and 2018 with a medicine wheel.[127][128]

Canadian television coverage

Although still billed as having been the most extensive television coverage of the Pan American Games ever broadcast in the country,[74] the CBC faced criticism for the amount of coverage it produced and broadcast from the 2015 Pan American Games. Only condensed, tape-delayed highlights of events aired on CBC Television, drawing comparisons to the similar practices imposed by NBC's coverage of the Olympics. Most events were streamed online, and pay television channel Sportsnet aired the soccer tournaments on television, but events in some sports received only limited online coverage or were not broadcast at all. Part-way through the Games, the CBC expanded its primetime coverage block, while broadcasts of a semi-final game in men's basketball on Sportsnet and the baseball finals online were added at the last minute. Critics perceived these last-minute changes as signs that the CBC had underestimated viewer interest in the Pan Am Games.[129][130]

CBC Sports head of programming Trevor Pilling explained that the large number of events being held, along with the stature of the Pan American Games in comparison to the Olympics, were a factor in the structure of CBC's coverage, stating that "I do think we are the victim of our own success in that having Olympic coverage that is around the clock, but the Olympics are a different event than these Pan Am Games. But I feel like we've done the athletes justice by telling those stories or through live coverage, or with reporters on site. We've tried to make sure we're at all the significant events, and with Canada winning over 180 medals, that's a tall task."[129][130]

While the National Post also felt that budget cuts faced by the CBC in recent years, including those imposed following the loss of its national broadcast rights to the National Hockey League to Rogers Media, may have also had an impact—with a CBC spokesperson arguing that "resources" were a factor, Pilling denied that this was the case, arguing that it was "about the planning, It is about making good, sound business decisions", and promised that there would be extensive coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[129][130]

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Preceded by
Guadalajara		 XVII Pan American Games
Toronto
(2015)		 Succeeded by
Lima
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