2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea

The 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) was elected at the 2nd Congress on 30 March 1948,[1] and remained in session until the election of the 3rd Central Committee on 29 April 1956.[2] In between party congresses and specially convened conferences the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution in the WPK and North Korea.[3] The Central Committee is not a permanent institution and delegates day-to-day work to elected bodies, such as the Political Committee, the Standing Committee, the Organisation Committee and the Inspection Committee in the case of the 2nd Central Committee.[4] It convenes meetings, known as "Plenary Session of the [term] Central Committee", to discuss major policies.[5] Only full members have the right to vote, but if a full member cannot attend a plenary session, the person's spot is taken over by an alternate.[5] Plenary session can also be attended by non-members, such meetings are known as "Enlarged Plenary Session", to participate in the committee's discussions.[5]

2nd Central Committee
30 March 1948 – 29 April 1956
(8 years, 30 days)
Overview
Decision making
body
Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Election2nd Congress
Full members98
Candidate members20
Officers of the Central Committee
ChairmanKim Il-sung (49–56)
Kim Tu-bong
Vice ChairmenKim Il-sung
Chu Yong-ha
First SecretaryHo Ka-i
Second SecretaryYi Sung-yop
Third SecretaryKim Sam-yong
Political Committee14 members
Standing Committee16 members
Inspection Committee8 members
Organisation Committee11 members

It consisted originally of 67 members and 20 candidate members.[6] Upon the merger of the Workers' Party of North Korea and the Workers' Party of South Korea (WPSK) on 24 June 1949, the 2nd Central Committee merged with the 1st WPSK Central Committee and gained 31 new members.[7] The term of the 2nd Central Committee, which was stipulated by party rules to last five years (until 1953), lasted until April 1956 when the 3rd Congress elected the 3rd Central Committee.[8] During its tenure it held six plenary sessions, seven joint plenary sessions and four stand-alone plenary sessions.[9]

Of the 67 full members of the 2nd Central Committe 30 had served in the 1st Central Committee.[10] Among those not reelected were Choe Yong-dal and Chong Tal-hyon.[10] The position of the partisan faction was strengthened at this congress, with Kang Kon, Kim Kwang-hyop, Kim Kyong-sok and Pak Chum-kol being elected to the 2nd Central Committee.[10] Despite this, the largest single group within the 2nd Central Committee were the domestic faction.[10]

The 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee convened on 31 March 1948 and elected the 2nd Political Committee, the 2nd Standing Committee, the 2nd Organisation Committee and the 2nd Inspection Commission, as well as the the party chairman and two vice chairmen.[6] Kim Tu-bong was elected Chairman of the Central Committee while Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha were elected to the office of Vice Chairman.[10] All the members of the 1st Political Committee were re-elected, while two new were added; Kim Chaek and Pak Il-u.[10]

Plenary sessions

Plenum Start–end Length Agenda
1st Plenary Session 31 March 1948 1 day
1 item.
  • Elections of the Officers of the 2nd Central Committee.
2nd Plenary Session 12 July 1948 1 day
2 items.
3rd Plenary Session 24–25 September 1948 2 days
3 items.
  • On party organisational tasks and the Supreme People's Assembly's election results.
  • Debate on collection of textile tax and increased agricultural production of grains in 1949.
  • Concerning organisational matters:
    • Election of Vice Chairman of the Party;
    • Elections to the Standing Committee;
    • Decision on establishing the Organisational Committee of the 2nd Central Committee;
      • Election of members to the Organisational Committee;
    • Election of the Chairman of the 2nd Auditing and 2nd Inspection commissions;
    • General debate on the farewell ceremony for Soviet forces.
4th Plenary Session 9–14 December 1948 5 days Not made public.
5th Plenary Session 12–13 February 1949 2 days
4 items.
  • On the strengthening of the party's leadership. Summation of the work of lower-level party organisations in the last nine months.
  • Debate on the tasks presented to the party to realise economic reconstruction in the period 1949–50.
  • Debate on the report on the work of party organisation's in the upcoming elections to the people's committees of provinces, cities, counties and districts.
  • Decision on establishing the Chagang Provincial Committee and lower-level organisations of the party in connection with the establishment of Chagang Province and its administrative structures.
6th Enlarged Plenary Session 11 June 1949 1 day
2 items.
1st Joint Plenary Session 24 June 1949 1 day
3 items.
  • Decision on forming the Workers' Party of Korea.
  • Election of Officers of the 2nd Central Committee.
  • Restructuring of the committees subordinate to the Central Committee.
2nd Joint Plenary Session 15–18 December 1949 3 days
3 items.
  • Concerning the revised policy of the party in the industrial sector in connection with the Two-Year People's Economic Plan.
  • Report by Pak Hon-yong on the need to strengthen party ideological education of members.
  • Discussion on organisational problems.
    • Kim Il-sung hold a speech named "Let Us Be More Faithful to Marxism and Leninism and the Principles of Proletarian Internationalism".
3rd Joint Plenary Session 21–23 December 1950 3 days
3 items.
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "The Present Situation and Our Tasks".
  • Problems arising from the unification of the workers' organisations of North and South Korea.
  • Debate on organisational problems.
4th Joint Plenary Session 1–4 November 1951 4 days
2 items.
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "On Some Defects in the Organisation Work of Party Organisations".
  • On organisational problems:
  • The meeting concluded with Kim Il-sung's speech "On the Improvement of the Party's Organisational Work".
5th Joint Plenary Session 15–18 December 1952 4 days
2 items.
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "The Organisational and Ideological Consolidation of the Party is the Basis of Our Victory".
  • Report by Pak Chong-ae, known as "Concerning the Problems of Organisation".
6th Joint Plenary Session 4–6 August 1953 3 days
3 items.
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "Everything for the Postwar Rehabilitation and Development of the National Economy".
  • Report by Pak Chong-ae on recent anti-party and anti-state activities of Yi Sung-yop, Pae Chol, Pak Sung-won, Yun Sun-dal, Cho Il-myong Yi Kang-guk "and others", "and the incident of Ho Ka-i, who cowardly committed suicide after committing anti-people and anti-party activities".
  • On organisational problems:
    • The following were expelled from the 2nd Central Committee: Chu Yong-ha, Chang Si-u, Pak Hon-yong, Kim O-song, An Ki-song, Kim Kwang-su and Kim Ung-bin. Candidate member Kwon O-jik is expelled as well;
    • The following were expelled from the 2nd Central Committee for "not being faithful and sacrificial in their service to the party and state" during the war: Ku Chae-su, Yi Chon-jin, Cho Pok-ye and Yi Chu-sang;
    • The following were elected to the 2nd Central Committee: Yi Yong-som, Hwang Tae-song, Pak Kyong-su, Yu Chuk-un and Yun Hyong-sik;
    • The abolition of the Organisational Committee and the election of a new Standing Committee composed of: Kim Il-sung, Kim Tu-bong, Pak Chong-ae, Pak Yong-bin, Choe Won-taek, Choe Chang-ik, Chong Il-yong, Kim Hwang-il, Kang Mun-sok, Kim Sung-hwa, Kim Kwang-hyop, Pak Kum-chol and Nam Il;
    • The election of the following to the Political Committee: Kim Il-sung, Kim Tu-bong, Pak Chong-ae, Pak Chang-ok and Kim Il;
    • Chang Sun-myong, the Chairman of the 2nd Inspection Commission, and Yi Ki-sok, the Vice Chairman of the 2nd Inspection Commission, are relieved of their duties and replaced by Kim Ung-gi as new Chairman.
    • Abolition of the Central Committee secretary system, and the election of Pak Chong-ae, Pak Chang-ok and Kim Il to the office of Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea;
    • Election of the following members to the Committee on Revision of Party Rules: Kim Il-sung, Pak Chong-ae, Pak Chang-ok, Kim Il, Pak Yong-bin, Yi Ki-sok, Kim Kwang-hyop, Yi Kwon-mu, Han Sol-ya, Kang Mun-sok, Hwang Tae-song, Kim Yol, Ko Pong-gi, Kim Sung-hwa and Pak Kum-chol;
    • The following were elected to positions within the Central Committee apparatus: Kim Chang-man as the Chairman of Propaganda and Agitation Section, Kim Min-san as the Chairman of Society Section and Yi Chong-won as the Chairman of the Social Science Section.
7th Joint Plenary Session 21–23 March 1954 3 days
2 items.
  • Report by Kim Il, known as "Concerning the Strengthening of the Work of the Democratic Front of the Fatherland Unification".
  • Report by Pak Chong-ae, known as "General Report on Every Party Leadership Organisation in the Coming Election, January-April 1954".
March Plenary Session 21–23 March 1954 3 days
2 items.
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "The Present Task of the Party, State, Economic Organisation, and the Workers to Rectify New Shortcomings in Industry and Transportation Sectors".
  • Report by Kim Il-sung concerning organisational problems:
    • Pak Yong-bin and Pak Kum-chol are elected to the office of Vice Chairman of the WPK Central Committee while Pak Chang-ok and Kim Il are relieved of their position as WPK vice chairmen.
November Plenary Session 1–3 April 1955 3 days
6 items.
  • Speech by Kim Il-sung, known as "On the Unification of Korea with the Correct Understanding of the Fatherland Unification".
  • Report by Kim Il, known as "Concerning the Future Policy of the Workers' Party of Korea to Struggle for the Rapid Reconstruction and Development of Agricultural Management".
  • General Report on the work of every party organisation in the election.
  • The restructuring off, and the election of twenty-five members to the Committee on Drafting the Party Platform.
  • Concerning party organisational problems.
  • Speech by Kim Il-sung, known as "On Our Party Policy for the Further Development of Agricultural Management".
April Plenary Session 1–4 December 1955 4 days
5 items.
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "On Further Intensifying the Class Education of Party Members".
  • Report by Kim Il-sung, known as "On the Elimination of Bureaucratism of Some Workers in the Party and the Government".
  • Report by Pak Chang-ok, known as "On the Strengthening of the Struggle for Economic Thrift Rules for Financial and Material Statistics, Anti-corruption and Anti-waste".
  • Debate on the problems of party discipline.
  • Concluding remarks by Kim Il-sung, known as "On Some Questions of Party and State Work in the Present Stage of the Socialist Revolution".
December Plenary Session 2–3 December 1955 2 days
3 items.
  • Concerning the decisions made at the November Plenary Session on the development of agriculture.
  • Concerning the convocation of the 3rd Party Congress
    • Decision on holding the congress in April 1956;
    • Decision on the Agenda of the 3rd Party Congress:
      1. Report on the work of the 2nd Central Committee, presented by Kim Il-sung;
      2. Report on the work of the 2nd Central Auditing Commission, presented by Yi Chu-yon;
      3. Report on the work of the Bylaw Revision Committee, presented by Pak Chong-ae;
      4. Election of the 3rd Central Committee and the 3rd Central Auditing Commission
  • Debate on the party's organisational problems.

Members

Full

Rank Name
Hangul
Level of government
(Offices held)
1st CC 3rd CC Inner-composition Faction
2nd POC 2nd STC 2nd ORG 2nd INS
1 Kim Tu-bong
Central
Old Reelected Chairman Chairman
Yanan
2 Kim Il-sung Old Reelected Member Member Member
Partisan
3 Ho Ka-i Old Demoted Member Member Member
Soviet
4 Chu Yong-ha
Central
  • Minister of Transportation (September – October 1948)
Old Expelled Member Member
Domestic
5 Kim Chaek
Central
Old Demoted Member Member
Partisan
6 Choe Chang-ik Old Reelected Member Member
Yanan
7 Pak Il-u
Central
  • Minister of Interior
Old Demoted Member Member
Yanan
8 Pak Chong-ae
Central
Old Reelected
Member Member
Domestic
9 Kim Kyo-yong
Old Demoted
Partisan
10 Chong Chun-taek
Central
  • Minister of Chemical Industry (1955–56)
  • Chairman of the State Planning Commission
New Reelected
Member
Partisan
11 Pak Chong-ok
New Reelected
Member
12 Kim Il
Central
  • Minister of Agriculture (1954–56)
Old Reelected
Member
Partisan
13 Kim Chae-uk
Old Demoted
Member
Soviet
14 Kim Hwang-il
New Reelected
Domestic
15 Kim Yol
Old Demoted
Member Member
Soviet
16 Choe Kyong-dok
Central
Old Demoted
Domestic
17 Kim Min-san
Old Demoted
Yanan
18 Choe Suk-yang
Old Demoted
19 Chin Pan-su
New Reelected
Member
Soviet
20 Kang Chin-gon
Central
Old Reelected
Domestic
21 Han Il-mu
Old Reelected
Soviet
22 Pak Hun-il
Old Reelected
Yanan
23 Choe Chae-rin
New Demoted
Partisan
24 Han Sol-ya
Old Reelected
Domestic
25 Yi Hui-jun
New Demoted
26 Kang Kon
New Demoted
Partisan
27 Kim Sung-hwa
New Demoted
Soviet
28 Ki Sok-bok
New Demoted
Member
Soviet
29 Ho Chong-suk
Central
  • Minister of Culture and Propaganda
New Reelected
Yanan
30 Yi Chung-gun
New Demoted
31 Tae Song-su
Old Demoted
32 Chang Sun-myong
Central
Old Demoted
Chairman Soviet
33 Kim Ung-gi
New Reelected
Domestic
34 Kim Ko-mang
New Demoted
Member
35 Mu Chong
Old Demoted
Yanan
36 Pak Chang-sil
New Demoted
37 Yi Puk-myong
New Demoted
38 Pak Hyo-sam
Old Demoted
Yanan
39 Kim Sang-chol
New Reelected
40 Chang Si-u
Central
  • Minister of Commerce
Old Expelled
Domestic
41 Chong Tu-hyon
Old Demoted
42 O Ki-sop
Old Reelected
Domestic
43 Song Che-jun
Old Demoted
44 Kim Chik-hyong
New Reelected
Domestic
45 Yi Sun-gun
Old Demoted
46 Kim Kwang-hyop
New Reelected
Partisan
47 Yi Chong-ik
Old Demoted
Member
48 Chang Hae-u
New Demoted
Member Domestic
49 Yi Tong-hwa
New Demoted
50 Yim Hae
Old Reelected
Partisan
51 Chong Il-yong
New Reelected
Member
Soviet
52 Pang Hak-se
New Reelected
Member Soviet
53 Cho Yong
New Reelected
Yanan
54 Kim Ung
New Reelected
Soviet
55 Pak Mu
New Reelected
Yanan
56 Kim Yong-su
New Demoted
57 Chang Chol
New Demoted
Member
58 Kim Tae-ryon
New Demoted
59 Yi Kwon-mu
New Reelected
Yanan
60 Kim Kyong-sok
New Reelected
Partisan
61 Kim Han-jung
New Demoted
62 Pak Yong-son
New Demoted
Member Member
Soviet
63 Yi Yu-min
Central
New Reelected
Yanan
64 Kim Kwang-bin
New Demoted
65 Yi Song-un
New Reelected
Partisan
66 Pak Kum-chol
New Reelected
Partisan
67 Kim Chan
New Demoted

Candidates

Rank Name
Hangul
1st CC 3rd CC Faction
1 Pak Won-sul New Demoted
2 Yi Yong-hwa New Demoted
3 Kim Chin-yo New Demoted
4 Chae Kyu-hong New Demoted
5 Han Ang-chon New Full Yanan
6 Pak Yong-hwa New Demoted
7 Pak Tong-cho New Demoted
8 Kang Yong-chang New Full Domestic
9 Choe Kwang-yol New Demoted Yanan
10 Yi Kyu-hwan New Reelected
11 Nam Il New Full
12 Chang Wi-sam New Demoted Soviet
13 Ko Pong-gi New Full
14 Kim Tae-hwa New Demoted
15 Kye Tong-son New Demoted
16 Kim Tu-yong New Demoted
17 Yi Hyo-sun New Full Partisan
18 Yi Chi-chan New Reelected
19 Yi Yong-som New Demoted
20 Choe Pong-su New Demoted Soviet

1st Joint Plenary Session (1949–56)

Name
Hangul
Level of government
(Offices held)
1st CC 3rd CC Inner-composition Faction
2nd POC 2nd STC 2nd SEC 2nd ORG 2nd INS
An Ki-song
WPSK Expelled
Domestic
Chang Chol
New Demoted
Member
Chang Hae-u
New Demoted
Member Domestic
Chang Si-u
Central
  • Minister of Commerce (1949–52)
Old Expelled
Domestic
Chang Sun-myong
Central
Old Demoted
Chairman Soviet
Chin Pan-su
Central
  • Minister of Foreign Trade (1953–56)
New Reelected
Soviet
Cho Pok-ye
New Expelled
Cho Yong
New Reelected
Yanan
Choe Chae-rin
New Demoted
Partisan
Choe Chang-ik
Central
Old Reelected
Member
Member
Yanan
Choe Kyong-dok
Central
Old Demoted
Domestic
Choe Suk-yang
Old Demoted
Choe Won-taek
Central
New Reelected
Member
Partisan
Chong Chun-taek
Central
  • Minister of Chemical and Building Materials Industries (1954–55)
  • Chairman of the State Planning Commission (1949–54)
New Reelected
Partisan
Chong Il-yong
Central
  • Minister of Heavy Industry (1951–52 & 54–55)
  • Minister of Industry (February – July 1951)
New Reelected
Member
Soviet
Chong No-sik
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Chong Tu-hyon
Old Demoted
Chong Yun
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Chu Yong-ha
Old Expelled
Domestic
Han Il-mu
Old Reelected
Soviet
Han Sol-ya
Old Reelected
Domestic
Ho Chong-suk
Central
  • Minister of Culture and Propaganda
New Reelected
Yanan
Ho Hon
Central
WPSK Died Member
Member
Domestic
Ho Ka-i
Central
Old Died V. Chairman V. Chairman 1. Secretary Member
Soviet
Ho Song-taek
Central
  • Minister of Labour (1949–52)
WPSK Reelected
Domestic
Hong Nam-pyo
Central
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Hwang Tae-song
New Demoted
Hyon U-hyon
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Kang Chin-gon
Central
Old Reelected
Domestic
Kang Kon
New Demoted
Partisan
Kang Mun-sok
WPSK Demoted
Member
Domestic
Ki Sok-bok
New Demoted
Soviet
Kim Chae-uk
Old Demoted
Soviet
Kim Chaek
Central
Old Died Member
Member
Partisan
Kim Chan
New Demoted
Kim Chik-hyong
New Reelected
Domestic
Kim Chin-guk
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Kim Han-jung
New Demoted
Kim Hwang-il
New Reelected
Member
Domestic
Kim Il
Central
Old Reelected V. Chairman V. Chairman
Partisan
Kim Il-sung Old Reelected Chairman Chairman
Member
Partisan
Kim Ko-mang
New Demoted
Member
Kim Kwang-bin
New Demoted
Kim Kwang-hyop
New Reelected
Member
Partisan
Kim Kwang-su
WPSK Expelled
Domestic
Kim Kye-rim
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Kim Kyo-yong
Old Demoted
Partisan
Kim Kyong-sok
New Reelected
Partisan
Kim Min-san
Old Demoted
Yanan
Kim O-song
WPSK Expelled
Domestic
Kim Sam-yong
WPSK Died Member
3. Secretary Member
Domestic
Kim Sang-chol
New Reelected
Kim Sang-hyok
WPSK Reelected
Domestic
Kim Sung-hwa
Central
  • Minister of Construction (1955–56)
  • Minister of City Construction (1951–53)
New Demoted
Member
Soviet
Kim Tae-jun
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Kim Tae-ryon
New Demoted
Kim Tu-bong
Central
Old Reelected Member
Member
Yanan
Kim Ung
New Reelected
Soviet
Kim Ung-bin
WPSK Expelled
Domestic
Kim Ung-gi
Central
New Reelected
Chairman Domestic
Kim Yol
Old Demoted
Member
Soviet
Kim Yong-am
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Kim Yong-jae
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Kim Yong-su
New Demoted
Ko Chan-bo
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Ku Chae-su
Central
WPSK Expelled
Domestic
Mu Chong
Old Expelled
Yanan
Nam Il
Central
New Reelected
Member
Soviet
O Ki-sop
Old Reelected
Domestic
Pak Chang-ok
Central
New Reelected V. Chairman V. Chairman
Soviet
Pak Chong-ae
Central
Old Reelected V. Chairman V. Chairman
Domestic
Pak Chang-sil
New Demoted
Pak Hon-yong WPSK Expelled V. Chairman V. Chairman
Member
Domestic
Pak Hun-il
Old Reelected
Yanan
Pak Hyo-sam
Old Demoted
Yanan
Pak Il-u
Central
Old Expelled Member
Member
Yanan
Pak Kum-chol
Central
New Reelected V. Chairman V. Chairman
Partisan
Pak Kyong-su
New Demoted
Pak Mu
New Reelected
Yanan
Pak Mun-gyu
Central
  • Minister of Agriculture (1952–54)
  • Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (1949–52)
WPSK Reelected
Domestic
Pak Yong-bin
Central
New Demoted V. Chairman V. Chairman
Soviet
Pak Yong-son
New Demoted
Soviet
Pang Hak-se
Central
  • Minister of Interior (1952–56)
  • Minister of Public Security (1951–52)
New Reelected
Member Soviet
Song Che-jun
Old Demoted
Song Ul-su
WPSK Reelected
Domestic
Song Yu-gyong
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Tae Song-su
Old Demoted
Yi Chae-nam
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Yi Chon-jin
WPSK Expelled
Domestic
Yi Chong-ik
Old Demoted
Member
Yi Chu-ha
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Yi Chu-sang
New Expelled
Yi Chung-gun
New Demoted
Yi Hui-jun
New Demoted
Yi Hyon-sang
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Yi Ki-sok
Central
WPSK Demoted
V. Chairman Domestic
Yi Kwon-mu
New Reelected
Yanan
Yi Puk-myong
New Demoted
Yi Song-un
New Reelected
Partisan
Yi Sun-gun
Old Demoted
Yi Sung-yop
Central
  • Chairman of the People's Control Commission (1952–53)
  • Minister of Justice
WPSK Expelled Member
2. Secretary Member
Domestic
Yi Tong-hwa
New Demoted
Yi Yong-som
New Demoted
Yi Yu-min
New Reelected
Yanan
Yim Hae
Old Reelected
Partisan
Yu Chuk-un
New Demoted
Yu Yong-jun
Central
WPSK Demoted
Domestic
Yun Hyong-sik
New Demoted

References

Citations

  1. Suh 1981, p. 285.
  2. Duh 1981, pp. 291–2.
  3. Duh 1981, p. 271.
  4. Duh 1981, p. 271 & 319–22.
  5. Duh 1981, p. 277.
  6. Suh 1981, pp. 319–20.
  7. Suh 1981, pp. 318–20.
  8. Suh 1981, p. 274.
  9. Suh 1981, pp. 285–91.
  10. Suh 1988, p. 91.
  11. Suh 1981, p. 286.

Sources

General

References for plenary sessions, apparatus heads, the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Political Committee membership, Standing Committee membership, secretaries, Organisation Committee members, membership in the Inspection Commission, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:

  • Suh, Dae-sook (1981). Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. pp. 285–91. ISBN 0-8248-0740-5. Information on the meeting dates of the plenary sessions, their official name, the meeting agenda and meeting decisions.
  • Suh, Dae-sook (1981). Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. pp. 319–22. ISBN 0-8248-0740-5. Information on the composition of the Central Committee, Political Committee, Standing Committee, Secretaries, Organisational Committee and the Inspection Commission of the 2nd Congress .
  • Suh, Dae-sook (1981). Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. pp. 392–93. ISBN 0-8248-0740-5. Information on the composition of the Supreme People's Assembly and it's Standing Committee.
  • Suh, Dae-sook (1981). Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. p. 448. ISBN 0-8248-0740-5. Information on the composition of the 1st Government of the DPRK.
  • Suh, Dae-sook (1981). Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. pp. 459–82. ISBN 0-8248-0740-5. A list of every minister that served in the DPRK government since its inception until 1980.
Bibliography
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