3451 Mentor

3451 Mentor /ˈmɛntɔːr/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 April 1984, by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos at the Kleť Observatory in the Czech Republic. The uncommon Jovian X-type asteroid is one of the largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 7.7 hours.[4] It was named after Mentor from Greek mythology.[1]

3451 Mentor
Shape model of Mentor from its lightcurve
Discovery[1]
Discovered byA. Mrkos
Discovery siteKleť Obs.
Discovery date19 April 1984
Designations
(3451) Mentor
Pronunciation/ˈmɛntɔːr/[2]
Named after
Mentor (Greek mythology)[1]
1984 HA1 · 1950 HG1
Jupiter trojan[1][3][4]
Trojan[5][6] · background[6]
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc35.19 yr (12,853 d)
Aphelion5.4935 AU
Perihelion4.7828 AU
5.1382 AU
Eccentricity0.0692
11.65 yr (4,254 d)
236.39°
0° 5m 4.56s / day
Inclination24.654°
179.66°
131.49°
Jupiter MOID0.0573 AU
TJupiter2.8150
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
116.30 km (calculated)[4]
117.91±3.19 km[7]
126.29±1.64 km[8]
7.700±0.019 h[9]
7.702±0.002 h[10][lower-alpha 1]
7.730±0.001 h[11][lower-alpha 1]
0.044±0.008[8]
0.057 (assumed)[4]
0.075±0.005[7]
X (SMASS)[12]
X (SDSS-MOC)[13]
X (Pan-STARRS)[4][14]
P (WISE)[4]
C (assumed)[4]
B–V = 0.730±0.060[15]
V–R = 0.380±0.040[15]
V–I = 0.770±0.020[4]
8.10[7]
8.4[1][3][4]
8.5[8]
8.71±0.29[14]

    Orbit and classification

    Mentor is a large Jovian asteroid orbiting in the trailing Trojan camp at Jupiter's L5 Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy).[5] It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.[6][12]

    It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.5 AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,254 days; semi-major axis of 5.14 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] The asteroid was first observed as 1950 HG1 at Simeiz Observatory in April 1950. The body's observation arc begins at Crimea–Nauchnij in March 1983, one year prior to its official discovery observation at Klet.[1]

    Physical characteristics

    Mentor is an X-type asteroid, according to the SMASS classification, the SDSS-based taxonomy and observations by Pan-STARRS.[4][12][13] It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as an assumed, carbonaceous C-type by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL). Its V–I color index of 0.77 is notably lower than that of a Jovian D-type asteroid, which is the dominant spectral type among the Jupiter trojans (also see table below).[4]

    Rotation period

    A large number of rotational lightcurves of Mentor have been obtained,[4] since its first photometric observations by William Hartmann (1988).[16] The first rotation period of 7.675±0.019 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18±0.01 was reported by Stefano Mottola, who observed Mentor in February 1993, using the former ESO 1-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile (U=3-). Follow-up observations by Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory in July 1998 gave a refined period of 7.700±0.019 hours and an amplitude of 0.15±0.01 magnitude (U=3).[9]

    In 2006 and 2007, photometric observations of Mentor were made at the Roque de los Muchachos (7.68 and 7.682 h) and Oakley Observatory (7.70 h).[17][18][19] Additional period determinations by Laurent Bernasconi (7.699 h) Federico Manzini (>6 h) and René Roy (7.727 and 7.6 h) were made between 2006 and 2010, and reported at Behrend's website.[20] In 2012, observations in the R- and S-band at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 7.694 and 7.677 hours (U=2/3).[21]

    Follow-up observations by Daniel Coley and Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79) in 2010, and the Center for Solar System Studies during 2013–2017, measured four well-defined periods including 7.702±0.002 and 7.730±0.001 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.46 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3-/3-/3).[10][11][22][23][lower-alpha 1]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Mentor measures 117.91 and 126.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.075 and 0.044, respectively.[7][8] CALL assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 116.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.4.[4] Mentor together with 624 Hektor and 884 Priamus are the three largest Jupiter trojans for which the Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS), conducted by IRAS, provides no data (in the table below, placeholder figures from the LCDB are shown instead).[24]

    100+ largest Jupiter trojans
    Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A)
    (mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery)
    Designation H WISE IRAS Akari Ln RP V–I YoD Ref
    624 Hektor7.2225233230.99L46.920.9301907list
    617 Patroclus8.19140.362140.92140.85L5102.800.8301906list
    911 Agamemnon7.89131.038166.66185.30L46.590.9801919list
    588 Achilles8.67130.099135.47133.22L47.310.9401906list
    3451 Mentor8.4126.288116.30117.91L57.700.7701984list
    3317 Paris8.3118.790116.26120.45L57.090.9501984list
    1867 Deiphobus8.3118.220122.67131.31L558.660.9301971list
    1172 Äneas8.33118.020142.82148.66L58.710.9501930list
    1437 Diomedes8.3117.786164.31172.60L424.490.8101937list
    1143 Odysseus7.93114.624125.64130.81L410.110.8601930list
    2241 Alcathous8.64113.682114.63118.87L57.690.9401979list
    659 Nestor8.99112.320108.87107.06L415.980.7901908list
    3793 Leonteus8.7112.04686.2687.58L45.620.7801985list
    3063 Makhaon8.4111.655116.14114.34L48.640.8301983list
    1583 Antilochus8.6108.842101.62111.69L431.540.9501950list
    884 Priamus8.81101.09396.29119.99L56.860.9001917list
    1208 Troilus8.99100.477103.34111.36L556.170.7401931list
    1173 Anchises8.8999.549126.27120.49L511.600.7801930list
    2207 Antenor8.8997.65885.1191.32L57.970.9501977list
    2363 Cebriones9.1195.97681.8484.61L520.050.9101977list
    4063 Euforbo8.795.619102.46106.38L48.850.9501989list
    2357 Phereclos8.9494.62594.9098.45L514.390.9601981list
    4709 Ennomos8.591.43380.8580.03L512.280.6901988list
    2797 Teucer8.789.430111.14113.99L410.150.9201981list
    2920 Automedon8.888.574111.01113.11L410.210.9501981list
    (15436) 1998 VU309.187.64685.7178.63L48.970.8701998list
    3596 Meriones9.287.38075.0973.28L412.960.8301985list
    2893 Peiroos9.2386.88487.4686.76L58.960.9501975list
    4086 Podalirius9.185.49586.8985.98L410.430.8701985list
    4060 Deipylos9.384.04379.2186.79L49.300.7601987list
    1404 Ajax9.383.99081.6996.34L429.380.9601936list
    4348 Poulydamas9.582.03270.0887.51L59.910.8401988list
    5144 Achates9.080.95891.9189.85L55.960.9201991list
    4833 Meges8.980.16587.3389.39L414.250.9401989list
    2223 Sarpedon9.4177.48094.63108.21L522.740.8801977list
    (4489) 1988 AK9.076.59592.9395.02L412.580.9501988list
    2260 Neoptolemus9.3176.43571.6581.28L48.180.9501975list
    5254 Ulysses9.276.14778.3480.00L428.720.9701986list
    (3708) 1974 FV19.375.66179.5976.75L56.550.9801974list
    2674 Pandarus9.174.26798.10101.72L58.481.0001982list
    3564 Talthybius9.473.73068.9274.11L440.590.9001985list
    4834 Thoas9.172.33186.8296.21L418.190.9501989list
    (7641) 1986 TT69.471.83968.9775.28L427.770.9801986list
    3540 Protesilaos9.370.22576.8487.66L48.950.9401973list
    (11395) 1998 XN779.868.97764.7167.78L417.381998list
    (4035) 1986 WD9.668.73368.2366.99L413.470.9701986list
    5264 Telephus9.468.47273.2681.38L49.530.9701991list
    1868 Thersites9.568.16370.0878.89L410.480.9601960list
    (9799) 1996 RJ9.668.03364.8772.42L421.520.9101996list
    4068 Menestheus9.567.62562.3768.46L414.400.9501973list
    (23135) 2000 AN1469.966.23058.2968.50L48.690.8602000list
    2456 Palamedes9.365.91691.6699.60L47.240.9201966list
    3709 Polypoites9.165.29799.0985.23L410.041.0001985list
    1749 Telamon9.564.89881.0669.14L416.980.9701949list
    3548 Eurybates9.663.88572.1468.40L48.710.7301973list
    4543 Phoinix9.763.83662.7969.54L438.871.2001989list
    12444 Prothoon9.863.83564.3162.41L515.821996list
    4836 Medon9.563.27767.7378.70L49.820.9201989list
    (16070) 1999 RB1019.763.19164.1368.98L520.240.9601999list
    (15440) 1998 WX49.662.51966.4871.88L421.430.9701998list
    (4715) 1989 TS19.762.09763.9165.93L58.810.8501989list
    (34746) 2001 QE919.861.68460.5163.63L519.630.9502001list
    (38050) 1998 VR389.861.60361.0450.44L418.850.9901998list
    5130 Ilioneus9.760.71159.4052.49L514.770.9601989list
    5027 Androgeos9.659.78657.86n.a.L411.380.9101988list
    (6090) 1989 DJ9.459.56874.5381.92L418.480.9801989list
    (5648) 1990 VU19.759.29563.91n.a.L537.560.9001990list
    7119 Hiera9.759.15076.4077.29L44000.9501989list
    4805 Asteropaios10.057.64753.1643.44L512.371990list
    16974 Iphthime9.857.34155.4357.15L478.90.9601998list
    4867 Polites9.857.25158.2964.29L511.241.0101989list
    2895 Memnon10.056.70655.67n.a.L57.500.7101981list
    4708 Polydoros9.954.96455.67n.a.L57.520.9601988list
    (21601) 1998 XO8910.054.90955.6756.08L412.650.9701998list
    (12929) 1999 TZ19.954.07761.0455.34L59.270.8801999list
    17492 Hippasos10.053.97555.67n.a.L517.751991list
    5652 Amphimachus10.153.92153.1652.48L48.371.0501992list
    2759 Idomeneus9.953.67661.0152.55L432.380.9101980list
    (5258) 1989 AU110.253.27550.77n.a.L419.851.0101989list
    (12126) 1999 RM1110.153.202n.a.n.a.L5n.a.?1999list
    (15502) 1999 NV2710.053.10055.6750.86L515.130.8751999list
    4754 Panthoos10.053.02553.1556.96L527.681977list
    4832 Palinurus10.052.05853.16n.a.L55.321.0001988list
    5126 Achaemenides10.551.92244.2248.57L453.021989list
    3240 Laocoon10.251.69550.77n.a.L511.310.8801978list
    4902 Thessandrus9.851.26361.0471.79L47380.9601989list
    11552 Boucolion10.151.13653.1653.91L532.441993list
    (20729) 1999 XS14310.450.96146.30n.a.L45.721.0001999list
    (6545) 1986 TR610.150.95153.16n.a.L416.260.9101986list
    4792 Lykaon10.150.87053.16n.a.L540.090.9601988list
    21900 Orus10.050.81055.6753.87L413.450.9501999list
    1873 Agenor10.150.79953.7654.38L520.601971list
    5028 Halaesus10.250.77050.77n.a.L424.940.9001988list
    2146 Stentor9.950.75558.29n.a.L416.401976list
    4722 Agelaos10.050.37853.1659.47L518.440.9101977list
    5284 Orsilocus10.150.15953.16n.a.L410.310.9701989list
    11509 Thersilochos10.149.96053.1656.23L517.371990list
    5285 Krethon10.149.60658.5352.61L412.041.0901989list
    4791 Iphidamas10.149.52857.8559.96L59.701.0301988list
    9023 Mnesthus10.149.15150.7760.80L530.661988list
    5283 Pyrrhus9.748.35664.5869.93L47.320.9501989list
    4946 Askalaphus10.248.20952.7166.10L422.730.9401988list
    (22149) 2000 WD4910.248.19050.7750.37L47.841.0902000list
    (32496) 2000 WX18210.248.01750.7751.63L523.340.9502000list
    5120 Bitias10.247.98750.77n.a.L515.210.7801988list
    12714 Alkimos10.147.81961.0454.62L428.481991list
    (7352) 1994 CO9.947.73155.67 47.07L56480.8501994list
    1870 Glaukos10.647.64942.23n.a.L55.991971list
    4138 Kalchas10.146.46253.1661.04L429.20.8101973list
    (23958) 1998 VD3010.246.00150.7747.91L45620.9901998list
    4828 Misenus10.445.95446.30 43.22L512.870.9201988list
    4057 Demophon10.145.68353.16n.a.L429.821.0601985list
    4501 Eurypylos10.445.52446.30n.a.L46.051989list
    4007 Euryalos10.345.51548.4853.89L46.391973list
    5259 Epeigeus10.344.74142.5944.42L418.421989list
    30705 Idaios10.444.54646.30n.a.L515.741977list
    16560 Daitor10.743.86151.4243.38L51991list
    (15977) 1998 MA1110.443.53046.3051.53L52500.9061998list
    7543 Prylis10.642.89342.23n.a.L417.801973list
    4827 Dares10.542.77044.22n.a.L519.001988list
    1647 Menelaus10.542.71644.22n.a.L417.740.8661957list
    (A) Used sources: WISE/NEOWISE catalog (NEOWISE_DIAM_V1 PDS, Grav, 2012); IRAS data (SIMPS v.6 catalog); and Akari catalog (Usui, 2011); RP: rotation period and V–I (color index) taken from the LCDB

    Note: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB (query) and from the LCDB (query form) for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.

    Naming

    This minor planet was named by the discoverer from Greek mythology after Mentor, father of Imbrius and son of spearman Imbrus at Pedaseus. Mentor fought with the Trojans against the Greeks in the Trojan War.[1] In Homer's Iliad, he was described as a man who was rich in horse. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 29 November 1993 (M.P.C. 22829).[25]

    Notes

    1. Lightcurve plots of (3451) Mentor from Aug 2010, Oct 2013, 2015/2016 and Jan 2017 by Daniel Coley and Robert Stephens at GMARS (G79) and the Center for Solar System Studies (U80) and (U81). Quality code is 3/3/3/3 (lightcurve rating at CS3). Summary figures at the LCDB and CS3.

    References

    1. "3451 Mentor (1984 HA1)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
    2. "Mentor". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
    3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3451 Mentor (1984 HA1)" (2018-05-22 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
    4. "LCDB Data for (3451) Mentor". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 14 June 2018.
    5. "List of Jupiter Trojans". Minor Planet Center. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
    6. "Asteroid (3451) Mentor – Proper elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
    7. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 13 June 2018. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    8. Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Masiero, J. R.; Nugent, C. R. (November 2012). "WISE/NEOWISE Observations of the Jovian Trojan Population: Taxonomy". The Astrophysical Journal. 759 (1): 10. arXiv:1209.1549. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759...49G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/49. (online catalog)
    9. Mottola, Stefano; Di Martino, Mario; Erikson, Anders; Gonano-Beurer, Maria; Carbognani, Albino; Carsenty, Uri; et al. (May 2011). "Rotational Properties of Jupiter Trojans. I. Light Curves of 80 Objects". The Astronomical Journal. 141 (5): 32. Bibcode:2011AJ....141..170M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/170.
    10. Stephens, Robert D.; Coley, Daniel R. (July 2017). "Lightcurve Analysis of Trojan Asteroids at the Center for Solar System Studies 2017 January - March". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 44 (3): 252–257. Bibcode:2017MPBu...44..252S. ISSN 1052-8091.
    11. French, Linda M.; Stephens, Robert D.; Lederer, Susan M.; Coley, Daniel R.; Rohl, Derrick A. (April 2011). "Preliminary Results from a Study of Trojan Asteroids". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 38 (2): 116–120. Bibcode:2011MPBu...38..116F. ISSN 1052-8091.
    12. "Asteroid 3451 Mentor". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
    13. Carvano, J. M.; Hasselmann, P. H.; Lazzaro, D.; Mothé-Diniz, T. (February 2010). "SDSS-based taxonomic classification and orbital distribution of main belt asteroids". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 510: 12. Bibcode:2010A&A...510A..43C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913322. Retrieved 30 October 2019. (PDS data set)
    14. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007.
    15. Chatelain, Joseph P.; Henry, Todd J.; French, Linda M.; Winters, Jennifer G.; Trilling, David E. (June 2016). "Photometric colors of the brightest members of the Jupiter L5 Trojan cloud". Icarus. 271: 158–169. Bibcode:2016Icar..271..158C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.01.026.
    16. Hartmann, William K.; Binzel, Richard P.; Tholen, David J.; Cruikshank, Dale P.; Goguen, Jay (March 1988). "Trojan and Hilda asteroid lightcurves. I – Anomalously elongated shapes among Trojans (and Hildas?)". Icarus. 73 (3): 487–498.NASA–supportedresearch. Bibcode:1988Icar...73..487H. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90058-9. ISSN 0019-1035.
    17. Duffard, R. D.; Melita, M.; Ortiz, J. L.; Licandro, J.; Williams, I. P.; Jones, D. (December 2007). "Light-Curve Survey of the Trojan Asteroids" (PDF). Asteroids. 1405: 8187. Bibcode:2008LPICo1405.8187D. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
    18. Sauppe, Jason; Torno, Steven; Lemke-Oliver, Robert; Ditteon, Richard (December 2007). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Oakley Observatory - March/April 2007". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 34 (4): 119–122. Bibcode:2007MPBu...34..119S. ISSN 1052-8091.
    19. Melita, M. D.; Duffard, R.; Williams, I. P.; Jones, D. C.; Licandro, J.; Ortiz, J. L. (June 2010). "Lightcurves of 6 Jupiter Trojan asteroids". Planetary and Space Science. 58 (7–8): 1035–1039. Bibcode:2010P&SS...58.1035M. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.03.009.
    20. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (3451) Mentor". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
    21. Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75.
    22. Stephens, Robert D.; French, Linda M.; Davitt, Chelsea; Coley, Daniel R. (April 2014). "At the Scaean Gates: Observations Jovian Trojan Asteroids, July- December 2013". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 41 (2): 95–100. Bibcode:2014MPBu...41...95S. ISSN 1052-8091.
    23. Stephens, Robert D.; Coley, Daniel R.; French, Linda M. (July 2016). "A Report from the L5 Trojan Camp - Lightcurves of Jovian Trojan Asteroids from the Center for Solar System Studies". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 43 (3): 265–270. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..265S. ISSN 1052-8091.
    24. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System – IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
    25. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
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