Aballava

Aballava or Aballaba (with the modern name of Burgh by Sands) was a Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall, between Petriana (Stanwix) to the east and Coggabata (Drumburgh) to the west. It is about one and a half miles south of the Solway Firth, and its purpose was to guard the south end of two important Solway fords, the Peat Wath and the Sandwath, which were also to become favourite routes for medieval border raiders.

Aballava
Cumbria, England, UK
Village centre of Burgh by Sands, and site of Aballava
Aballava
Location in Cumbria
Coordinates54.922°N 3.050°W / 54.922; -3.050
Grid referenceNY327591

Description

The fort is five and a half miles west of Stanwix. The word 'Aballava' possibly means '(apple) orchard'.[1] The fort was an oblong, straddling the Wall, and measured 500 feet (150 m) north to south by 400 feet (120 m) east to west, occupying an area of 5 acres (20,000 m2). Only the location of the eastern wall is known for certain. It is believed that it was built over the site of turret 71b. There is a fortified border church on the site built almost entirely of Roman stones, and it is believed that this stands on the site of the principia of the fort.

There was a vicus to the south-west of the fort, and it is believed that a cemetery existed to the south of the fort.

Garrison

The second-century garrison was the Ala I Tungrorum [2] followed by a part mounted cavalry regiment, Cohors I Nerviorum.[3] The third-century garrison was a mounted detachment (cuneus) of Frisians. The epigraphic evidence for the location of this unit is attested by two sandstone altars [4] found in the 19th century at Cockermouth Castle Cumbria These most probably came originally from the nearby Roman fort at Papcastle (Derventio).Some confusion had previously arisen among Romano-British historians concerning the precise location of Aballava and its identification with Papcastle. It has now been recognized that the Roman fort at Burgh by Sands is the correct location.[5] The unit, (Cuneus Frisiorum) apparently remained there long enough to acquire the title, 'Aballavensium'.[6] In the mid third century an infantry detachment (numerus) of Aurelian Moors (Morocco) is also attested. [7]

Excavations

Excavations were carried out in 1922, during which it was established that the fort straddled the Wall. Two other forts were found on the same site, by aerial photography, in 1976 and 1977. The second fort, discovered in 1976, and excavated 13 years earlier, is thought to pre-date Hadrian's Wall. It has been claimed that this fort was an extension to the Stanegate system of forts, but this is largely conjecture.

A small scale excavation 200 metres south of the fort undertaken by Headland Archaeology [8] uncovered a group of features associated with the vicus. Features included post-pits for a substantial building, postholes and beamslots relating to other timber buildings and shallow ditches and gullies; all dated to the mid-2nd century. There was no evidence for the later 2nd and 3rd century occupation identified during the previous investigations, suggesting some discontinuity in the use of the site.

References
  1. Watts, Victor (2007). The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0521168557.
  2. Roman Inscriptions of Britain 2045
  3. Roman Inscriptions of Britain 2041
  4. Roman Inscriptions of Britain 882 & 883
  5. I.A. Richmond, Archaeologia Aeliana Series 4, xii (1935) 341; confirmed from RIB 2042 by Nesselhauf, Journal of Roman Studies xxviii (1938) 203, Germania xxiii (1939) and Birley, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Series 2 xxxix (1939) 190.
  6. Roman Inscriptions of Britain 883
  7. Roman Inscriptions of Britain 2042
  8. Masser, P. and J. Evans, ‘Excavations within the vicus at Amberfield, Burgh by Sands, Cumbria’, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
  • J. Collingwood Bruce, Handbook to The Roman Wall, 13th Edition, Edited and Enlarged by Charles M. Daniels, Harold Hill & Son Newcastle upon Tyne 1978 pp. 247-248
  • & 14th Edition Revised by David J. Breeze, Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne 2006 q.v.
  • Frank Graham, The Roman Wall, Comprehensive History and Guide (1979), Frank Graham, ISBN 0-85983-140-X
  • R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (RIB) I Inscriptions On Stone, Oxford University Press 1965
  • A.L.F. Rivet and Colin Smith, The Place-Names of Roman Britain, B.T. Batsford Ltd. London 1979

In fiction
  • Gillian Bradshaw, Dark North (2007) Set in Roman Britain, 208 CE, it looks at the troubled reign of Emperor Septimius Severus — and his attempt to conquer Scotland — through the eyes of Memnon, an Ethiopian cavalry scout with the numerus of Aurelian Moors based at the Wall fort of Aballava.
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