Abbas al-Musawi

Abbas al-Moussawi (/əˈbɑːs əl muːsɑːwiː/) Arabic: عباس الموسوي‎; 26 October 1952 – 16 February 1992) was an influential Lebanese Shia cleric, co-founder and Secretary General of Hezbollah. He was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in 1992.

Abbas al-Moussawi عباس الموسوي
Secretary-General of Hezbollah
In office 1984 – 16 February 1992
Preceded by	Subhi al-Tufayli
Succeeded by	Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah
Personal details
Born	26 October 1952 Al-Nabi Shayth, Lebanon
Died	16 February 1992 (aged 39) Nabatieh Governorate, Lebanon
Cause of death	Assassination
Nationality	Lebanese
Occupation	Cleric

Early life and education

Al-Moussawi was born into a Shia family in the village of Al-Nabi Shayth in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon in around 1952.[1] He spent eight years studying theology in a religious school in Najaf, Iraq, where he was deeply influenced by the views of Iranian Ruhollah Khomeini.[1] Al-Moussawi was a student, at the hawza in Najaf, of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, an influential Shi'a cleric, philosopher, political leader, and founder of the Da'wa Party of Iraq.[2]

Activities

Al-Moussawi returned to Lebanon in 1978. Along with Subhi al-Tufayli he spearheaded the formation of Hezbollah movement in the Beqaa Valley in 1982, one of the three major areas of Shia population in Lebanon.[3] From 1983 to 1985 he is reported to have served as operational head of the Hezbollah Special Security Apparatus. From late 1985 until April 1988 he was head of Hezbollah's military wing, the Islamic Resistance.[4][5][6][7]

According to some reports (while others attribute the act to Subhi al-Tufayli), al Musawi was responsible for the abduction of Lt. Col William Higgins while commander of Hezbollah's Islamic Resistance (military wing).[8][9]

In 1991, Hezbollah had entered a new era with the end of both the Iran–Iraq War and Lebanese Civil War, the Taif Agreement and the release of the Kuwait 17 bombers. A new leader was thought to be needed to facilitate the release of the Western hostages held by Hezbollah and more importantly to shift Hezbollah's focus to resistance activity against Israel.

Al-Moussawi also promised to "intensify [Hezbollah] military, political and popular action in order to undermine the peace-talks."[10] He did not support entering mainstream politics.[11] Unlike other Hezbollah figures, he advocated the acceptance of Taif Agreement, which was the rejection of theocratic state in Lebanon.[12]

Assassination

Abbas al-Musawi Shrine in Al-Nabi Shayth

On 16 February 1992, Israeli Apache helicopters fired missiles at the motorcade of al-Moussawi in southern Lebanon, killing al-Moussawi,[13] his wife, his five-year-old son, and four others.[14] Israel said the attack had been planned as an assassination attempt in retaliation for the kidnapping and death of missing Israeli servicemen in 1986 and the abduction of US Marine and UN peace-keeping officer William R. Higgins in 1988.[15]

In retaliation, the Islamic Jihad Organization attacked the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires.[16] After the attack, the Islamic Jihad Organization declared that it was carried out as revenge for the martyr infant Hussein, al Musawi's five-year-old son, who had been killed with his father.[17] Later it was revealed by Dieter Bednarz and Ronen Bergman that the original plan of Israel had been just to abduct al Musawi to realize the release of Israeli prisoners.[16] However, Ehud Barak, then Israeli chief of staff, convinced then Israeli Prime Minister Shamir to order his assassination.[16]

Al Musawi was succeeded as Secretary General of Hezbollah by Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah.[11]

References

1. "Abbās al-Mūsawī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
2. Deeb, Marius (April 1988). "Shia Movements in Lebanon: Their Formation, Ideology, Social Basis, and Links with Iran and Syria". Third World Quarterly. 10 (2): 683–698. doi:10.1080/01436598808420077. JSTOR 3992662.
3. Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. New York: St. Martins Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-312-16288-X.
4. Foreign Report, 30 July 1987
5. Ha'aretz, 2 October 1987
6. al-Hayat, 27 November 1989
7. Independent, 7 March 1990
8. Jerusalem Post, 21 February 1988
9. Ha'aretz, 28 February 1989
10. Middle East International, 8 November 1991
11. Simon, Kevin (2012). "Hezbollah: Terror in Context". Olin College of Engineering. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
12. Staten, Cliff (2008). "From Terrorism to Legitimacy: Political Opportunity Structures and the Case of Hezbollah" (PDF). The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution. 8 (1): 32–49. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
13. Gal Perl Finkel, Changing the rules in the Gaza Strip comes with a cost, The Jerusalem Post, October 13, 2018.
14. Luft, Gal (2003). "The Logic of Israel's Targeted Killing". The Middle East Quarterly. 10 (1): 3–13. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
15. Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. New York: St. Martins Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-312-16288-X.
16. Dieter Bednarz; Ronen Bergman (17 January 2011). "Mossad Zeros in on Tehran's Nuclear Program". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
17. Long, William R. (19 March 1992). "Islamic Jihad Says It Bombed Embassy; Toll 21". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 July 2012.