Addison E. Southard

Addison E. Southard (October 18, 1884 – February 11, 1970) was an American diplomat who served as Minister Resident and Consul General to multiple countries. After serving in administration roles in the Philippines and diplomatic roles in the Middle East and Southeast Asia Southard reestablished relations between the United States and Ethiopia. He later served as the Consul General for Hong Kong and Macau until the cities fell to the Japanese.

Addison E. Southard
United States Consul General for Hong Kong and Macau
In office
November 5, 1937 – June 30, 1942
Preceded byCharles L. Hoover
Succeeded byKarl L. Rankin
United States Consul General for Paris
In office
1936–1937
Preceded byClarence E. Gauss
United States Ambassador to Ethiopia
In office
March 1, 1928 – October 26, 1934
Preceded byHoffman Philip
Succeeded byCornelius Van Hemert Engert
Personal details
Born(1884-10-18)October 18, 1884
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
DiedFebruary 11, 1970(1970-02-11) (aged 85)
San Francisco, California U.S.
Spouse(s)Lucy Meloy
ChildrenPatrick H. Southard[1]
EducationNational Normal University
University of St. Thomas

Early life

Addison E. Southard was born on October 18, 1884, in Louisville, Kentucky, and educated at National Normal University and the University of St. Thomas.[2][3] He worked for a commercial firm in Oaxaca, Mexico, from 1904 to 1905, and in 1906 at a newspaper.[4] In 1914, he married Lucy Meloy and would later have one son with her.[2]

Career

From 1907 to 1915, he worked for the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands before entering a diplomatic career and later advised President Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Treaty Conference in 1919.[2][4] In 1916, he was nominated by Wilson to be a consul and was approved by the United States Senate.[5]

From the 1910s to the 1920s, Southard served in the United States consulates in Aden and Jerusalem before becoming the Consul General in Singapore from 1926 to 1927.[6] From 1922 to 1926, he served in the Department of State as the chief of the consular reporting office.[7]

In 1916, he visited Ethiopia as a part of an economic survey, and in 1920, helped negotiate oil concessions.[8] In 1923, he participated in an economic and agricultural survey in Mandatory Palestine.[9]

Ethiopia

In 1909, Hoffman Philip was appointed to serve as the United States' first ambassador to Ethiopia, but only remained in the position for one year due to health problems. In 1914, the consulate was formally closed as there wasn't a high enough level of commerce to justify another commercial treaty with Ethiopia. In 1917, Southard visited Ethiopia and reported that the Ethiopians were displeased that there was no longer a diplomatic mission from the United States in Addis Ababa. In 1923, Haile Selassie wrote to President Warren G. Harding asking for the consulate to be reestablished, but did not get a reply until 1925, from President Calvin Coolidge.[10]

On October 12, 1927, Southard was appointed as the Consul General to Ethiopia while the Senate was in recess and was later recommissioned on December 19, 1927. On March 1, 1928, he presented his credentials to the Ethiopian government and would continue to serve until October 26, 1934.[11]

In 1930, he was commissioned by National Geographic to report on the coronation of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia and the report was released in June 1931.[12] During his tenure a lake was discovered in the northwestern part of the country and was named "Southard Crater Lake" in his honor by Selassie and he received the Order of the Holy Trinity, an Ethiopian warrior costume, a lion skin, a lion's mane, a silver mounted lance, and other gifts from Selassie.[13][14]

On January 17, 1932, he was being driven through Addis Ababa when his chauffeur ran over a woman's foot. A police officer attempted to arrest the chauffeur, but Southard protested against it while several other officers arrived and was later thrown to the ground by the officers.[14] The officers were later arrested and sentenced to one year in prison and given heavy fines for the beating.[15][16] Foreign Minister Heruy Wolde Selassie, Addis Ababa Mayor Makonnen Endelkachew, and three cabinet members apologized to Southard for the beating.[17]

In 1934, he was appointed to serve as the Consul General in Stockholm, Sweden.[18] In 1936, he was appointed to serve as the Consul General in Paris, France.[19]

Hong Kong

On May 1, 1937, he was appointed as the Consul General for Hong Kong and Macau.[20] During the Canton Operation the Japanese dropped three bombs on the American owned Lingnan University, causing criticism from the United States which was delivered by Southard.[21] On November 30, 1938, Lydia Liliuokalani Kawānanakoa, the daughter of former Hawai'i Prince David Kawānanakoa, married journalist Clark Lee and Southard served as a witness to the wedding.[22]

In 1941, Lauchlin Currie visited China to determine whether or not to advise President Franklin D. Roosevelt to extend the lend-Lease program to China and was greeted upon his arrival by Southard and a representative of Chiang Kai-shek.[23] In November 1941, he was surprised by the British evacuation order for Britons in the Fujian province, due to the advancing Japanese army, as a similar warning had not been issued to Americans in the area.[24]

During the Battle of Hong Kong his home in the city was destroyed, forcing him to live at the consulate general building.[25] On December 25, 1941, the Japanese took Hong Kong and imprisoned him.[26][27] On March 12, it was reported that Southard and his staff were in two houses in a select residential district of Hong Kong and were later moved to the Stanley district.[26][27] After six months of imprisonment he was released as part of an exchange agreement alongside sixty three other diplomats and was taken to Maputo on board the Asama Maru before returning to the United States on August 25, 1942.[28][29][30]

On June 30, 1942, Southard left his position in the Hong Kong consulate generalship. He retired from governmental service in 1943.[31][32]

Later life

In 1955, Emperor Haile Selassie invited him to observe the 25th anniversary of his coronation.[2] On February 11, 1970, Southard died in San Francisco.[7]

References
  1. "Southard, Addison E." The San Francisco Examiner. February 15, 1970. p. 46. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. "Southard Rites Held; Ex-Envoy". The San Francisco Examiner. February 15, 1970. p. 32. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. "Old Normal Boys Meet". The Newark Advocate. August 10, 1933. p. 22. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. "Louisville Man To Go to China As Consul General". The Courier-Journal. May 2, 1937. p. 37. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. "Addison E. Southard Nominated Consul". The Courier-Journal. August 30, 1916. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Southall to Spake". politicalgraveyard.com.
  7. "Ex-Envoy Southard Is Dead at Age 84". The Courier-Journal. February 14, 1970. p. 26. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. "Southard--". The Dayton Herald. December 4, 1935. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. "U.S. Observer Claims Holy Land Soil Is Poor". Morning Register. March 25, 1923. p. 24. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. Skinner, Robert Peet (January 1, 2003). "Page 10 to 12 The 1903 Skinner Mission to Ethiopia & a Century of American-Ethiopian Relations". Tsehai Publisher. p. 10 – via Google Books.
  11. "Addison E. Southard (1884–1970)". April 16, 2020. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020.
  12. "The coronation of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie". November 2, 1930. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  13. "American Envoy Is Seeking New Trade In Ethiopic Wilds". Green Bay Press-Gazette. January 4, 1932. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. "U.S. Consul To Abyssinia Knocked Down By Officer". The Berkshire Eagle. January 18, 1932. p. 15. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. "Big Apology To A.E. Southard". The Boston Globe. January 22, 1932. p. 36. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. "U.S. Envoy Assaulters Get Year And Big Fines". Evening Star. January 25, 1932. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. "Attack On Envoy To Abyssinia Draws Protest From Stimson". The Baltimore Sun. January 23, 1932. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. "FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES; Addison E. Southard Moved to Stockholm From Ethiopia". July 22, 1934. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020.
  19. "New Consul In Paris". The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 19, 1936. p. 11. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. "Assign Southard As Consul In Hong Kong". Green Bay Press-Gazette. May 1, 1937. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. "New Bombing Protest Filed". The Los Angeles Times. June 9, 1938. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. "Clark Lee Married To Daughter Of Hawaiian Prince". The Central New Jersey Home News. November 30, 1938. p. 6. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. "Arrives in China For U.S. Survey". Edmonton Journal. February 5, 1941. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. "British Advise Flight; U.S. Aid In China Surprised". Chicago Tribune. November 10, 1941. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. "One American Listed Killed". Johnson City Chronicle. December 25, 1941. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. "Southard Imprisoned". The Daily Telegram. March 12, 1942. p. 17. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. "Southard Imprisoned". Daily Press. April 8, 1942. p. 6. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. "Japs to Exchange U.S. Consul Seized As Hong Kong Fell". The Capital Times. April 9, 1942. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. "Diplomat Exchange". Nashville Banner. June 30, 1942. p. 17. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. "Eight Kentuckians Included Among Ship's Passengers". The Courier-Journal. August 26, 1942. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. "Funeral Held For Addison Southard, 85". Oakland Tribune. February 17, 1970. p. 16. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. "U.S.-Hong Kong Diplomatic History | U.S. Consulate General Hong Kong & Macau". U.S. Consulate General Hong Kong & Macau.
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