Adelophryne

Adelophryne is a genus of frogs in the family Eleutherodactylidae.[2][3] They are native to northern South America east of the Andes, known roughly from the area corresponding to the Guiana Shield, as well as to the coastal area of Bahia, Brazil. Whether the genus is truly distinct from Phyzelaphryne remains uncertain. Common name shield frogs has been proposed for this genus,[2] although the stem flea frog is used for some species.[4]

Adelophryne
Adelophryne mucronatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Eleutherodactylidae
Subfamily: Phyzelaphryninae
Genus: Adelophryne
Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984[1]
Type species
Adelophryne adiastola
Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984[1]
Species

11, see text

Etymology

The generic name is derived from the Greek words adelos, meaning "unseen, unknown, obscure", and phryne for "toad". It refers to the fact that these small frogs were seldom collected until relatively lately.[1]

Description

Adelophryne are small leaf-litter frogs. Adults of the largest species, A. patamona, measure no more than 23 mm (0.91 in) in snout–to–vent length and the remaining all are less than 17.5 mm (0.69 in).[4] At 7.6–9.1 mm (0.30–0.36 in) in males and 10–11.4 mm (0.39–0.45 in) in females, A. michelin is not only the smallest in the genus,[4] but among the smallest frogs of the Americas, with only a few Brachycephalus species, Eleutherodactylus iberia and E. limbatus being of roughly similar size.[5][6]

The pupil of Adelophryne is oval and horizontally oriented. The tympanum is distinct. The digits are flattened and have asymmetrically pointed, laterally grooved, elongate discs. No webbing is present. The fourth finger is reduced in size. Males have a large, external subgular vocal sac.[1]

Reproduction is through direct development, that is, eggs hatch directly into froglets, without free-living larval (tadpole) stage.[7] Before this was confirmed for Adelophryne maranguapensis, the relatively large size of the eggs in this genus led many researcher to conclude that direct development was likely to be present.[8]

Species

As of late 2020, there are eleven species:[2][3][9]

The genus is likely to contain several undescribed species.[4]

References
  1. Hoogmoed, M.S. & Lescure, J. (1984). "A new genus and two new species of minute leptodactylid frogs from northern South America, with comments upon Phyzelaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen. 58: 85–115.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Adelophryne Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  3. "Eleutherodactylidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2019. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  4. Lourenço-de-Moraes, Ricardo; Dias, Iuri R.; Mira-Mendes, Caio V.; Oliveira, Renan M. de; Barth, Adriane; Ruas, Danilo S.; Vences, Miguel; Solé, Mirco; Bastos, Rogério P. & Lötters, Stefan (19 September 2018). "Diversity of miniaturized frogs of the genus Adelophryne (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae): A new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeast Brazil". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0201781. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201781. PMID 30231059.
  5. "10 Smallest Frogs and Toads in the World". gonefroggin.com. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  6. Napoli, M.F.; Caramaschi, U.; Cruz, C.A.G.; Dias, I.R. (2011). "A new species of flea-toad, genus Brachycephalus Fitzinger (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae), from the Atlantic rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil". Zootaxa. 2739: 33–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2739.1.3.
  7. Hedges, S. B.; Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008). "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1737: 1–182. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.
  8. Cassiano-Lima, D.; Borges-Nojosa, D. M.; Cascon, P. & Cechin, S. Z. (2011). "The reproductive mode of Adelophryne maranguapensis Hoogmoed, Borges & Cascon, 1994 (Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) an endemic and threatened species from Atlantic Forests remnants in northern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 7 (1). Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  9. Taucce, Pedro P. G.; Costa-Campos, Carlos E.; Haddad, Célio F. B.; de Carvalho, Thiago R. (2020-11-20). "A New Amazonian Species of the Diminutive Frog Genus Adelophryne (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Eleutherodactylidae) from the State of Amapá, Northern Brazil". Copeia. 108 (4). doi:10.1643/CH-19-254. ISSN 0045-8511.
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