Akkermansia glycaniphila

Akkermansia glycanphila is a species of intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. It was first isolated from reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) feces in 2016.[1]

Akkermansia glycaniphila
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Verrucomicrobia
Class:
Verrucomicrobiae
Order:
Verrucomicrobiales
Family:
Verrucomicrobiaceae
Genus:
Akkermansia
Species:
A. glycaniphila
Binomial name
Akkermansia glycaniphila
Ouwerkerk et al. 2016

Etymology

The genus was named for Antoon DL Akkermans (1940–2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology, and the epithet from the New Latin and Greek meaning "glycan-loving".[2]

Biology and biochemistry

A. glycaniphila, like, A. muciniphila is Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium. The typestrain is PytT (=DSM100705T=CIP 110913T). A. glycaniphila is able to use mucin as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It is culturable under the same conditions as A. muciniphilia, (anaerobic conditions on medium containing gastric mucin). When grown on soft agar mucin medium, colonies appear white with a diameter of 0.7mm. The long axis of single cells is 0.6–1.0 μm. Cells are covered with filaments, and occur singly, in pairs, in short chains and in aggregates.[1]

The bacterial genome of A. glucaniphila PytT is encoded on a single chromosome of 3,074,121 bp. The G+C content is 57.6% and contains 2,532 coding regions, all 21 tRNA genes, and three complete rRNA operons. For 72% (1,811) of the coding sequences, a function could be predicted. Genome analysis revealed the presence of many mucin-degrading enzymes, of which a number are predicted to be secreted: 54 glycoside hydrolases, one glycosyl hydrolase, seven sialidases, and three sulfatases. The PytT genome is predicted to encode a cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase, indicating the potential for aerobic respiration.[3]

Ecology

This bacterium probably inhabits oxic-anoxic interface of the intestinal mucin layer.[3] This was demonstrated for A. muciniphila MucT.[4] 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing reveals that the genus Akkermansia have been detected in animals with a wide variety of GI tract anatomy (foregut, hindgut, or simple) and in diet (from herbivores to omnivores and carnivores). It has been found in mammals both wild and domesticated, and in non-mammals like birds, fish and reptiles like the Burmese python.[5] Mucin types, and the glycan types expressed, vary between these organisms, but mucus a consistent feature of their intestinal tracts/[6] It may be that mucus-colonizing microbes have a role in protecting the host against intestinal pathogens and contribute to restoration of the microbiota. [7] The complete genome of A. glycaniphilia has been sequenced.[3]

References
  1. Ouwerkerk, Janneke P.; Aalvink, Steven; Belzer, Clara; de Vos, Willem M. (1 November 2016). "Akkermansia glycaniphila sp. nov., an anaerobic mucin-degrading bacterium isolated from reticulated python faeces". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4614–4620. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001399. PMID 27499019.
  2. Euzéby, JP (April 1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. PMID 9103655.
  3. Ouwerkerk, Janneke P.; Koehorst, Jasper J.; Schaap, Peter J.; Ritari, Jarmo; Paulin, Lars; Belzer, Clara; de Vos, Willem M. (5 January 2017). "Complete Genome Sequence of Strain Pyt , a Mucin-Degrading Specialist of the Reticulated Python Gut". Genome Announcements. 5 (1). doi:10.1128/genomeA.01098-16. PMC 5255907. PMID 28057747.
  4. Ouwerkerk, Janneke P.; van der Ark, Kees C. H.; Davids, Mark; Claassens, Nico J.; Finestra, Teresa Robert; de Vos, Willem M.; Belzer, Clara; Schloss, P. D. (1 December 2016). "Adaptation of Akkermansia muciniphila to the Oxic-Anoxic Interface of the Mucus Layer". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (23): 6983–6993. doi:10.1128/AEM.01641-16. PMC 5103097. PMID 27663027.
  5. Costello, Elizabeth K; Gordon, Jeffrey I; Secor, Stephen M; Knight, Rob (3 June 2010). "Postprandial remodeling of the gut microbiota in Burmese pythons". The ISME Journal. 4 (11): 1375–1385. doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.71. PMC 3923499. PMID 20520652.
  6. Johansson, Malin E. V.; Ambort, Daniel; Pelaseyed, Thaher; Schütte, André; Gustafsson, Jenny K.; Ermund, Anna; Subramani, Durai B.; Holmén-Larsson, Jessica M.; Thomsson, Kristina A.; Bergström, Joakim H.; van der Post, Sjoerd; Rodriguez-Piñeiro, Ana M.; Sjövall, Henrik; Bäckström, Malin; Hansson, Gunnar C. (25 September 2011). "Composition and functional role of the mucus layers in the intestine". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (22): 3635–3641. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0822-3. PMID 21947475. S2CID 25759012.
  7. Reid, G; Younes, JA; Van der Mei, HC; Gloor, GB; Knight, R; Busscher, HJ (January 2011). "Microbiota restoration: natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 9 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2473. PMID 21113182. S2CID 220860965.
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