Allactaga

The genus Allactaga contains the four and five-toed jerboas of Asia.[1] They are small mammals belonging to the order of rodents.[2][3] They are characteristically known as the hopping rodents of the desert and semi-arid regions. They have long hind feet, short forelimbs, and walk upright.[4] They have large ears in comparison to their body size and a large tail. The tail assists and serves as support when the jerboa is standing upright.[5] The jerboa body length ranges from 5–15 cm and has a tail ranging from 7–25 cm.[6] The "forelimbs of the jerboa serve as a pair of hands for feeding, grooming, etc."[7] Jerboas use their nose to burrow and push the dirt when looking for food.[8] The male jerboa is usually larger in size and weight in comparison to the female jerboa.[9] The pelt of the jerboa is either silky or velvety in texture and light in color,[8] the coloration helps camouflage into surroundings to avoid predators. All members of the genus have five toes except for a single species, the Four-toed Jerboa, Allactaga tetradactyla of Northern Africa.

Allactaga
Temporal range: Late Miocene - Recent
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Dipodidae
Subfamily: Allactaginae
Genus: Allactaga
F. Cuvier, 1836
Species

Allactaga balikunica
Allactaga bullata
Allactaga elater
Allactaga euphratica
Allactaga firouzi
Allactaga hotsoni
Allactaga major
Allactaga severtzovi
Allactaga sibirica
Allactaga tetradactyla
Allactaga toussi
Allactaga vinogradovi
Allactaga williamsi

Adaptation to desert conditions

Jerboas are adapted to live in deserts therefore are called xerocole animals. They are nocturnal and spend most of their day burrowed under sand to avoid the heat.[10] Burrowing under the sand, they evade the heat from the sun, minimizing water loss and avoiding dehydration. By decreasing activity during the day they require less water intake. The jerboas build large burrow systems, tunnels, to stay in during the day. These burrows have a higher moisture concentration than at the surface level and help reduce body water loss.[7] Specific species of jerboas plug burrow entrances with soil to retain moisture and keep hot air from entering burrows.[6] The pelt of the jerboa is usually light and sandy in color to reflect heat from the sun and reduce heat absorption.[11]

Social habits

Jerboas are highly social animals and require interactions with other jerboas. After nightfall, they congregate in large burrows and demonstrate intense activity. At the entrance of the burrow, each male jerboa leaves droppings to identify they are in the burrow.[12]

Diet

The hot temperature of the desert restricts the jerboas to search for food at nightfall, when the temperature is cooler. Diet varies by species, some feeding almost exclusively on vegetation and others are insectivores. They search for sprouting vegetation, roots, and/or dry grains. During autumn, jerboas are at their heaviest in preparation for hibernation.[8] Jerboas are not considered agricultural pest.[13]

Reproduction

The jerboa reproductive activity depends on the seasons. Similar to other hibernating animals, the mating season for jerboas is spring to summer.[14]

In captivity

Captured jerboas have lived up to two years outside of their natural habitat. In captivity, their life span is significantly reduced. Jerboas rely on social interactions with other jerboas. Additionally, their nature is to burrow in the sand, in captivity or as pets they died from stress if no sand is available.

Species

Genus Allactaga

References
  1. Holden, M. E. and G. G. Musser. 2005. Family Dipodidae. pp. 871–893 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  2. Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  3. Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
  4. Lagassé, Paul. "Jerboa." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. New York: Columbia UP, 2000. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 October 2013.
  5. Kirmiz, John P. Adaptation to Desert Environment; A Study on the Jerboa, Rat and Man. London: Butterworths, 1962. 17. Print.
  6. "Jerboa (rodent)" Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 October 2013.
  7. Kirmiz, John P. Adaptation to Desert Environment; A Study on the Jerboa, Rat and Man. London: Butterworths, 1962. 29. Print.
  8. Miljutin, Andrei. "Trends of Specialisation in Rodents: The Five-Toed Jerboas, Subfamily Allactaginae (Dipodoidea, Rodentia)." Acta Zoologica Lituanica 18.4 (2008): 228-39. Taylor & Francis Online. 23 July 2012. Web. 7 October 2013.
  9. Kirmiz, John P. Adaptation to Desert Environment; A Study on the Jerboa, Rat and Man. London: Butterworths, 1962. 19. Print.
  10. Hearst, Michael, and Jelmer Noordeman. "Unusual Creatures: A Mostly Accurate Account of Some of the Earth's Strangest Animals". San Francisco Chronicle, 2012. Print.
  11. Rundel, Philip Wilson; Gibson, Arthur C. (30 September 2005). "Adaptations of Mojave Desert Animals". Ecological Communities And Processes in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–138. ISBN 9780521021418.
  12. Kirmiz, John P. Adaptation to Desert Environment; A Study on the Jerboa, Rat and Man. London: Butterworths, 1962. 30. Print.
  13. Ercüment, Colak. "Ecology and Biology of Allactaga Elater, Allactaga Euphratica and Allactaga Williamsi (Rodentia: Dipodidae) in Turkey." Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Tr. J. Zool. (1996): 105. Tr. J. Zool.. Web. 3 October 2013.
  14. Janati, A., and R. Talbi. "Distribution and Seasonal Variation in Hypothalamic RF-amide Peptides in a Semi-Desert Rodent, the Jerboa." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 25 (2013): 402-11. Print.
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