Almería

Almería (UK: /ˌælməˈriːə/,[2] also US: /ˌɑːl-/,[3][4] Spanish: [almeˈɾi.a]) is a city in Andalusia, Spain, located in the southeast of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, and is the capital of the province of the same name. Abd al-Rahman III founded the Alcazaba (the Citadel), which gave this city its name: al-Mariyyah (المريّة, "the Watchtower").[5] In the 10th and 11th centuries, it formed part of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and grew wealthy on trade and the textile industry, especially silk. It suffered many sieges and fell under Christian domination in 1489. In 1522, Almería was devastated by an earthquake and rebuilding and recovery did not really get underway until the 19th century. During the Spanish Civil War, the city was shelled by the German navy, and fell to Franco in 1939. It has since rebuilt its economy around vegetable production, with 100,000 acres of greenhouses, supplying much of Europe.

Almería
Municipality
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  "Muy noble, muy leal y decidida por la libertad: ciudad de Almería" (Very noble, very loyal and determined towards freedom: city of Almería)
Almería Almería
Coordinates: 36°50′25″N 2°28′05″W
Country	Spain
Region	Andalusia
Province	Almería
Comarca	Comarca Metropolitana de Almería
Founded	955
Founded by	Abd-ar-Rahman III
Government
• Body	Ayuntamiento de Almería
• Mayor	Ramón Fernández-Pacheco (PP)
Area
• Total	296.21 km^2 (114.37 sq mi)
Elevation	27 m (88 ft)
Population  (2018)[1]
• Total	196,851
• Density	660/km^2 (1,700/sq mi)
Demonyms	almerienses, urcitanos
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	04001-04090
Area code(s)	(+34) 950
Vehicle registration	AL
Website	http://www.aytoalmeria.es (in Spanish)

History

In the first century, Christian documents report that there was a town named Urci, possibly near the current site of Almería, in the Hispania of the Roman Empire. However, this is disputed, as there are several possible sites of the town. However, missionary Saint Indaletius is said to have evangelized Urci and become its first bishop, and is officially the patron saint of Almería.[6]

Later, the city was refounded by Calipha Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba in 955 AD. It was to be a principal harbour in his extensive domain to strengthen his Mediterranean defences.

Alcazaba of Almería

Its Moorish castle, the Alcazaba of Almería, is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.

The ancient walls of Jayrán

In this period, the port city of Almería reached its historical peak. After the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031, Almería continued to be ruled by powerful local Muslim Taifa emirs like Jairan, the first independent Emir of Almería and Cartagena, and Almotacin, the poet emir. Both Jairan and Almotacin were fearless warriors, but also sophisticated patrons of the arts. A silk industry, based upon plantings of mulberry trees in the hot, dry landscape of the province, supported Almería in the 11th century and made its strategic harbour an even more valuable asset.

The statue of San Cristóbal

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147.[7]

Within a decade, however, Almería had passed to the control of the Muslim Almohad emirs,[7] and not until the late 15th century did it became again a Christian city when it accepted the sovereignty the Catholic Monarchs, Fernando and Isabel, on December 26, 1489.

The former train station

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes, of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across Spain. Landings and attacks by Berber pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain.

During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy, with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes".[8] Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian main city to fall to Francoist forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province,[9] which represented 42% of all registered voters.[10]

Main sights

Cable Inglés, at night

• The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect.
• Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.
• The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
• Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
• Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
• Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
• Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
• Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.
• Cable Inglés (English Pier), 1904 iron railway pier built to transfer iron ore, copper, and silver produced by British- and French-run mines in Granada from trains to waiting cargo ships.

Demographics

Almería has the highest proportion of Muslim population of any Spanish city at 11-20%, depending on source.[11]

Historical population of Almería
(Source: INE (Spain))

Year	1999	2001	2003	2005	2007	2009	2011	2012	2013	2014	2017	2018	2019
Population	169,027	170,994	176,727	181,702	189,798	188,810	190,349	191,443	192,697	193,251	195,389	196,851	198,533

People and culture

House of the Butterflies

Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta," a song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God.

In 1989, English electronic band Depeche Mode filmed the video for their song "Personal Jesus" in Almería.

The tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones.[12]

Sports

Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos

Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has 2 football teams: UD Almería, which plays in the Spanish Segunda División following relegation from La Liga in 2015 and CP Almería, which played in Tercera División Group 9 in the 2018/19 season following promotion.

The Plaza de toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.

Films

Economy

The economy of Almería is mostly based on agriculture, which is located mainly in the western part of the region. Numerous greenhouses mostly constructed with plasticulture produce tonnes of fruit and vegetables, more than 70% of their product being exported to the rest of Europe. These greenhouses are controversial, with allegations of cheap labour and harsh conditions. The plastic often ends up the sea, killing marine life.

Transport

By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway, which connects the Mediterranean area with the Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. Almería railway station is served by Renfe Operadora with direct rail services to Granada, and Madrid Atocha using a branch off the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway; the Linares Baeza–Almería railway. In the future, high-speed rail AVE services will link Almería to Madrid via Murcia. The central railway station has been closed for several months and it is not known exactly when it will re-open. Passengers currently start their journey by being bussed a few kilometres to Huercal de Almeria station.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria, Morocco, and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:

• Acciona: Ghazaouet (Algeria), Oran (Algeria), Nador (Morocco) and Melilla.
• Comarit: Nador.
• Comanav: Nador.

By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia. The winter timetable includes flights to Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, and Seville, with international connections to Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during the summer.

• 
  Almería rail station
• 
  Harbour of Almería

Geography

Satellite view centered on Almería

Due to its arid landscape, numerous Spaghetti Westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets are still remain as a tourist attraction.[13][14] These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin, and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almerimar and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.

Climate

With a yearly precipitation of just 200 mm (7.9 in) and with only 26 days of precipitation, Almería is the only city in Europe with a true hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). Almería is the only European city with this type of climate, also being one of the driest zones on both shores of the Mediterranean coast. Almería has an annual temperature of 19.1 °C (66.4 °F)

The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, the Andarax/Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate (this excludes the Canary Islands, which are also part of Spain and are geographically on the continent of Africa, which have a hot desert climate on most of the islands, specifically on the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the Province of Las Palmas).[15] With an average annual temperature above 19.1 °C (66.4 °F), it also qualifies as the 2nd warmest city in continental Europe, after Seville, also in Andalusia, Spain. This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to Torrevieja, in the northeast.[16] The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156mm).[17]

Almería
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     24     17 8     25     18 9     16     20 11     17     21 13     12     24 15     5     28 19     1     31 22     1     31 22     14     28 20     27     25 16     28     21 12     30     18 10 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.9     62 47     1     64 48     0.6     67 51     0.7     71 55     0.5     75 60     0.2     82 66     0     87 71     0     88 72     0.6     83 68     1.1     76 61     1.1     69 54     1.2     64 49 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Almeria also experiences the warmest winters of any city on the European continent with a population over 100,000, having hot and dry summers, with precipitation rare between June and August (July and August have in average 0.3 rainy days). Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe.

Almería is unique, for a city in Continental Europe, for not having any registered temperature under the freezing mark in its recorded weather history. The coldest temperature recorded was 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) at the airport in January 2005.[18] Before that, the previous record was 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) on 9 February 1935.[19]

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 18 °C (64 °F). At night, the temperature very rarely drops below 9 °C (48 °F). This makes Almería the city with the second warmest winters in Europe, just after Cádiz. The city only receives 26 days of rainfall annually; so while no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong differences in terms of rainfall, with coastal parts of the city (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park) receiving a rainfall amount of 156 mm (6.1 in) per year, which is also noted as the driest location in Europe, while inland areas (such as the Tabernas Desert) receive a rainfall amount of 200 mm (7.9 in) per year, since the average altitude is 600 m (2,000 ft), and it has an average temperature of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F), so it would be classified as a cold desert climate (BWk) bordering a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) according to the Köppen climate classification.

Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures close to 50 °C (122 °F) in summer (disputed).[20] Perhaps, temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) are very rare in the city of Almería.

During the warmest months - July and August, the sky is clear and sunny and no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 30 °C (86 °F) during the heat of the day while the minimum temperatures stay around 22 °C (72 °F) during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was 41.6 °C (106.9 °F) in July 2019.[21]

Climate data for Almería (airport 21m) 1981-2010. Extremes (1932-)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	24.4 (75.9)	25.2 (77.4)	32.4 (90.3)	34.2 (93.6)	34.2 (93.6)	40.8 (105.4)	41.6 (106.9)	41.1 (106.0)	37.6 (99.7)	34.4 (93.9)	29.0 (84.2)	27.7 (81.9)	41.6 (106.9)
Average high °C (°F)	16.9 (62.4)	17.6 (63.7)	19.6 (67.3)	21.4 (70.5)	24.1 (75.4)	27.9 (82.2)	30.5 (86.9)	31.0 (87.8)	28.4 (83.1)	24.5 (76.1)	20.5 (68.9)	17.9 (64.2)	23.4 (74.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.6 (54.7)	13.3 (55.9)	15.1 (59.2)	17.0 (62.6)	19.7 (67.5)	23.5 (74.3)	26.1 (79.0)	26.7 (80.1)	24.2 (75.6)	20.4 (68.7)	16.4 (61.5)	13.8 (56.8)	19.1 (66.4)
Average low °C (°F)	8.3 (46.9)	9.0 (48.2)	10.6 (51.1)	12.5 (54.5)	15.3 (59.5)	18.9 (66.0)	21.7 (71.1)	22.4 (72.3)	20.0 (68.0)	16.3 (61.3)	12.3 (54.1)	9.6 (49.3)	14.7 (58.5)
Record low °C (°F)	0.1 (32.2)	1.0 (33.8)	1.0 (33.8)	6.0 (42.8)	8.4 (47.1)	10.4 (50.7)	12.0 (53.6)	14.8 (58.6)	10.1 (50.2)	1.6 (34.9)	3.1 (37.6)	2.0 (35.6)	0.1 (32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	24 (0.9)	25 (1.0)	16 (0.6)	17 (0.7)	12 (0.5)	5 (0.2)	1 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	14 (0.6)	27 (1.1)	28 (1.1)	30 (1.2)	200 (7.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	2.9	2.9	2.6	2.6	1.9	0.6	0.3	0.3	1.5	2.8	3.6	3.3	25.4
Average relative humidity (%)	67	67	65	62	63	61	60	63	65	68	67	67	65
Mean monthly sunshine hours	194	191	232	261	297	325	342	315	256	218	183	178	2,994
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[22]

Climate data for Almería (airport 21m) 1981-2010 (Highest and lowest mean temperatures)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean maximum °C (°F)	18.8 (65.8)	19.4 (66.9)	21.3 (70.3)	23.1 (73.6)	26.0 (78.8)	30.2 (86.4)	32.8 (91.0)	33.0 (91.4)	31.1 (88.0)	26.6 (79.9)	22.9 (73.2)	19.3 (66.7)	33.0 (91.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	5.9 (42.6)	6.5 (43.7)	8.1 (46.6)	10.5 (50.9)	12.0 (53.6)	15.7 (60.3)	19.3 (66.7)	20.0 (68.0)	17.2 (63.0)	13.5 (56.3)	10.6 (51.1)	7.6 (45.7)	5.9 (42.6)
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[23]

Crystal cave

In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 x 1.8 x 1.7 metres, may be the largest geode ever found.[24] The entrance of the cave has been blocked by five tons of rocks, and is under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The cave is currently not accessible to tourists.

Festivities

The festive events that occur in the municipality are listed below:[25]

• Carnival
• Holy Week
• Cruces de mayo
• Saint Joan’s Eve

Notable people

• José Tomás "Tomatito" (born 1958), Flamenco guitar player.[26]
• Lita Baron (1923-2015), actress, singer and dancer. Was born in Almería.[27]
• David Bisbal (born 1979), Grammy Award winner.[28]
• Nieves Navarro (born 1938), actress.[29]
• Manuel Lao Hernández, founder of Cirsa, Spain's largest casino operator
• Juan Martínez Oliver (born 1964), road bicycle racer.[30]
• Eduardo del Pino Vicente, journalist and writer.[31]
• Chus Lampreave (1930-2016), actress who died in Almería.[32]

See also

• Solar Almeria Platform

References

1. Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
2. "Almería". Lexico UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
3. "Almería". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
4. "Almería". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
5. "Tourism in Almería in Almería, Spain". Spain.info. 23 April 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2008-09-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. Rogers 2010, p. 36.
8. Abella, Rafael La vida cotidiana durante la guerra civil: la España republicana. p.254 Editorial Planeta 1975
9. "Referéndum de ratificación de la iniciativa autonómica de Andalucía - Constitución española". Congreso.es. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
10. "Referéndum del Estatuto de Andalucía - La Voz Digital". Servicios.lavozdigital.es. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
11. "Islam in Spain". Euro-Islam. March 8, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
12. Cuadrado, Fernando; Martínez, Evaristo (31 January 2016). "La industria del cine llena los hoteles de la capital". La Voz de Almería (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 June 2019.
13. "Poblados del Oeste. Desierto de Tabernas". Parque Natural Cabo de Gata (in Spanish). Retrieved February 14, 2018.
14. Frayling, Christopher (August 1, 2005). "'Once Upon A Time in Italy': The Films of Sergio Leone". NPR Books. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
15. http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/2Atlas_climatologico/Atlas_Clima_Macaronesia___Baja.pdf
16. Atlas Climático Ibérico (PDF). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (in Spanish). Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España. p. 80. ISBN 978-84-7837-079-5.
17. Capel Molina, José Jaime (1995). "Mapa pluviométrico de España peninsular y Baleares (en el período internacional 1961-1990)" (PDF). Investigaciones Geográficas (in Spanish) (13): 29–46. doi:10.14198/INGEO1995.13.02. ISSN 0213-4691. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
18. Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. "Almería: Almería Aeropuerto - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España".
19. Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. "Almería: Almería - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España".
20. "Extreme temperature records since 1850". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
21. http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=6325O&datos=det&x=6325O&m=13&v=todos
22. "Valores climatológicos normales. Almería Aeropuerto". Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Gobierno de España.
23. http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010
24. Amos, Jonathan (June 12, 2000). "Giant crystal cave discovered". BBC News. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
25. "Fiestas Almería Ciudad". Almería Turismo │Turismo e información de Almería ciudad (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-09-15.
26. Pita, Helena (June 20, 2017). "La guitarra de Tomatito". Radiotelevisión Española (in Spanish). Retrieved February 15, 2018.
27. "Lita Baron (1923–2015)". IMDb. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
28. Agencias (September 4, 2003). "David Bisbal, premio al "mejor nuevo artista" en los Grammy Latino". ABC (in Spanish). Miami, EEUU.
29. "Nace en Almería la actriz Nieves Navarro García". Diario de Almería (in Spanish). November 10, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
30. Delgado, Pedro (April 14, 2016). Las escapadas de Perico: Rutas en bici por España. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. p. 256. ISBN 9788403515000.
31. "Primer Concurso de micro guiones de cine". La Voz de Almería (in Spanish). March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
32. Martínez, Evaristo (4 April 2016). "Fallece en Almería Chus Lampreave". La Voz de Almería (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 September 2018.

Sources

• Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195334036.

External links

• Postal codes in Almería