Amériques

Amériques is an orchestral composition by Edgard Varèse, scored for a very large, romantic orchestra with additional percussion (for eleven performers) including sirens. Written between 1918 and 1921 and revised in 1927, it was the first work Varèse composed after he moved to the United States. Although it was not his first work, he destroyed many of his earlier pieces, effectively making Amériques his opus one (although he never used that designation).[1]

Amériques
by Edgard Varèse
Edgard Varèse in 1915
Time	About 23 minutes
Composed	1918–1921, rev. 1927
Scoring	Large orchestra
Premiere
Date	April 9, 1926
Conductor	Leopold Stokowski
Performers	Philadelphia Orchestra
Audio sample
A 30-second sample from the original (1921) version of Amériques file help

Performances

The original version of Amériques was premiered on 9 April 1926 by the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski. The revised version was premiered on 30 May 1929 by the Orchestre des Concerts Poulet under Gaston Poulet[2] at the Maison Gaveau. It was first recorded in 1966 by the Utah Symphony Orchestra and Maurice Abravanel.[3] In recent years, it has emerged as a popular modernist showpiece in the orchestral repertoire, with recordings by Pierre Boulez, Christoph von Dohnanyi, and Riccardo Chailly, among others.

Music

The work is in one movement which lasts around 23 minutes, with full orchestral involvement almost throughout. Although it opens quietly, with "Debussy-like musing",[4] it quickly builds in dynamic power and is punctuated by massive crescendos which are similar in style to those found in Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring but on a much larger scale. The work is marked by its fiercely dissonant chords and rhythmically complex polyphonies for percussion and winds. It develops in continuous evolution with recurring short motifs, which are juxtaposed without development.

Structurally, the work is assembled by placing a number of self-contained 'blocks' of music against one another in the manner of Stravinsky. The blocks are marked primarily by texture and timbre with melody and rhythm being much more malleable. This remained common practice for Varèse throughout his career. A number of these blocks are built out of direct quotations from other works, including the Peripetie from Arnold Schoenberg's Fünf Orchesterstücke Op. 16, the first movement of Gustav Mahler's Third Symphony, and Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, along with references to the big band sound of the 1920s.

Commentary on Amériques has focused on its elemental power,[5] and its vivid representation of New York City, not failing to incorporate its howling police car sirens. Varèse used the sirens for structural importance, as representations of a continuum pitch beyond twelve-tone equal temperament. Varèse intended the title Amériques to symbolize "discoveries – new worlds on earth, in the sky, or in the minds of men."[6]

Instrumentation

Original

The original version of Amériques is scored for the following very large orchestra with additional percussion:

Woodwinds 3 Piccolos 4 Flutes Alto flute 4 Oboes English horn Heckelphone Clarinet in E♭ 4 Clarinets in B♭ Bass clarinet Contrabass clarinet 4 Bassoons 2 Contrabassoons Brass 8 Horns in F 6 Trumpets 4 Tenor trombones Bass trombone Bass tuba 2 Contrabass tubas

Percussion Timpani (2 players) 13 Percussion Players: Xylophone, Triangle, Ratchet, Sleigh bells Glockenspiel, Lion's roar, Ratchet, Whip Tambourine, Gong Celesta, 2 Bass drums, Slapsticks, Gong, Triangle, Lion's roar 2 Bass drums, Slapsticks Castanets, Sleigh bells Sleigh bells, Siren, Boat whistle, Wind machine Cymbals, Gong Snare drum Crow call, Sleigh bells, Lion's roar, Wind machine, Triangle, Slapsticks Slapsticks, Lion's roar, Sleigh bells, Whip Whip, Triangle, Slapsticks, Wind machine Sleigh bells, Slapsticks, Gong, Triangle "Interior Fanfare" 4 Trumpets (2 in E♭, 2 in D) 3 Trombones (2 Tenor, Bass) Strings 2 Harps Violins I, II (16 each) Violas (14) Violoncellos (10) Double basses (10) (with low C extensions)

Revised version

The revised version of 1927 reduced the instrumentation to the following:[7]

Woodwinds 2 Piccolos 2 Flutes Alto flute 3 Oboes English horn Heckelphone Clarinet in E♭ 3 Clarinets in B♭ Bass clarinet 3 Bassoons 2 Contrabassoons Brass 8 Horns in F 6 Trumpets in C 3 Tenor trombones Bass trombone Contrabass trombone Bass tuba Contrabass tuba

Percussion Timpani (2 players) 9 Percussion Players:[n 1] Xylophone, Chimes, Triangle, Low rattle affixed to a solid base, Sleigh bells Glockenspiel, Lion's roar, Low rattle, Whip Tambourine, Gong, Whip Celesta, Bass drum 2 (head extremely tightened), Triangle, Gong Bass drum 1, Bass drum 2 with wirebrush, Crash cymbal attached to bass drum 1, Gong Castanets, Sleigh bells, Gong Siren, Sleigh bells Cymbals (both suspended and crash cymbals) Snare Drum Strings[n 2] 2 Harps Violins I, II Violas Violoncellos Double basses (with low C extensions)

References

Notes

1. The low rattle, triangle, sleigh bells, whip, gong, and bass drum 2 are shared by more than 1 player.
   The siren is specified to be "deep and very powerful with a brake for instant stopping, affixed to a solid base".
   The "Gong" is a tam-tam, not a Javanese or fire-gong.
   The instrument identified as a "Low rattle" is translated from the French "Crécelle". A clearer rendition would be "Ratchet".
2. The number of players is not specified in the revised version.

Citations

1. Composer Biography - Varese, Edgard Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
2. Gaston Poulet
3. http://www.utahsymphony.org/the-orchestra/discography
4. Gramophone Magazine, September 2001
5. Varèse and the Music of Fire | Rudhyar Archival Project | Musical Works and Writings
6. Quoted in Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra (2003) ed. Lawson, p. 63
7. Edgard Varèse: Ameriques (Score), Colfranc, New York 1973, ed. Chou Wen-Chung

External links

Amériques: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project