Ann Dunham

Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia.[1] She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school, then as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, a.k.a. Ann Sutoro, and resumed her maiden name, Ann Dunham, later in life.[2]

Ann Dunham
1960 high school yearbook photo
Born	Stanley Ann Dunham November 29, 1942 Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Died	November 7, 1995 (aged 52) Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Education	University of Hawaii, Manoa University of Washington
Spouse(s)	Barack Obama Sr. ​ ​ (m. 1961; div. 1964)​ Lolo Soetoro ​ ​ (m. 1965; div. 1980)​
Children	Barack Obama Maya Soetoro-Ng
Parent(s)	Stanley Armour Dunham Madelyn Dunham
Relatives	Charles T. Payne (uncle)

Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham studied at the East–West Center and at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, where she attained a bachelor of arts degree in anthropology (1967),[3] and later received master of arts (1974) and PhD (1992) degrees, also in anthropology.[4] She also attended the University of Washington in Seattle from 1961 to 1962. Interested in craftsmanship, weaving, and the role of women in cottage industries, Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development. Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Towards the latter part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia, where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program in the world.[4]

After her son was elected President, interest renewed in Dunham's work: the University of Hawaii held a symposium about her research; an exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United States; and in December 2009, Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia, a book based on Dunham's original 1992 dissertation. Janny Scott, an author and former New York Times reporter, published a biography about Ann Dunham's life titled A Singular Woman in 2011. Posthumous interest has also led to the creation of The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, intended to fund students associated with the East–West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.[5]

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years ... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."[6]

Early life

Stanley Ann Dunham was born on November 29, 1942, at Ascension Via Christi Hospital St. Francis in Wichita, Kansas,[7] the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham.[8] She was of predominantly English ancestry, with some Scottish, Welsh, Irish, German and Swiss.[9] Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed.[10] Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.[11][12]

Her parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, 1940.[13] After the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father joined the United States Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita.[14] According to Dunham, she was named after her father because he wanted a son, though her relatives doubt this story and her maternal uncle recalled that her mother named Dunham after her favorite actress Bette Davis' character in the film In This Our Life because she thought Stanley, as a girl's name, sounded sophisticated.[15] As a child and teenager she was known as Stanley.[2] Other children teased her about her name but she used it through high school, "apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town".[16] By the time Dunham began attending college, she was known by her middle name, Ann, instead.[2] After World War II, Dunham's family moved from Wichita to California while her father attended the University of California, Berkeley. In 1948, they moved to Ponca City, Oklahoma, and from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas.[17] In 1955, the family moved to Seattle, Washington, where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where she attended Nathan Eckstein Junior High School.[18]

In 1956, Dunham's family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb of Seattle. Dunham's parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the newly opened Mercer Island High School.[6] At the school, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority to the young Dunham, and she took the lessons to heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children." One classmate remembered her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way",[6] and a high school friend described her as knowledgeable and progressive: "If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her "the original feminist".[6] She went through high school "reading beatnik poets and French existentialists".[19]

Family life and marriages

Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, mid-1970s (l to r)

On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in the new state, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and her family moved to Honolulu. Dunham enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa.

First marriage

While attending a Russian language class, Dunham met Barack Obama Sr., the school's first African student.[20][21] At the age of 23, Obama Sr. had come to Hawaii to pursue his education, leaving behind a pregnant wife and infant son in his home town of Nyang'oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961, despite parental opposition from both families.[6][22] Dunham was three months pregnant.[6][16] Obama Sr. eventually informed Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later she discovered this was false.[21] Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife in keeping with Luo customs.[23]

On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her first child, Barack Obama.[24] Friends in the state of Washington recall her visiting with her month-old baby in 1961.[25][26][27][28][29] She studied at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii.[18][26][30][31][32] When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City,[33] but declined it, preferring to attend the more prestigious Harvard University.[22] He left for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he began graduate study at Harvard in the fall of 1962.[21] Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with the spring semester in January 1963. During this time, her parents helped her raise the young Obama. Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964, which Obama Sr. did not contest.[16] In December 1964, Obama Sr. married Ruth Baker, a Jewish American of Lithuanian heritage; they were separated in 1971 and divorced in 1973 after having two sons. In 1965, Obama Sr. received a MA in economics from Harvard.[34] In 1971, he stayed in Hawaii for a month and visited his 10 year old son Barack. In 1982, Obama Sr. was killed in a car accident.[35]

Second marriage

It was at the East–West Center that Dunham met Lolo Soetoro,[36] a Javanese[4] surveyor who had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East–West Center grant to study geography at the University of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with an MA in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro and Dunham were married in Hawaii, and in 1966, Soetoro returned to Indonesia. Dunham graduated from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in anthropology on August 6, 1967, and moved in October the same year with her six-year-old son to Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin her husband.[37]

In Indonesia, Soetoro worked first as a low-paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, and later in the government relations office of Union Oil Company.[21][38] The family first lived at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years, with her son attending the nearby Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade, then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta, with her son attending the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade.[39][40] On August 15, 1970, Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[13]

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. In 1971, she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to attend Punahou School starting in 5th grade rather than having him stay in Indonesia with her.[37] Madelyn Dunham's job at the Bank of Hawaii, where she had worked her way up over a decade from clerk to becoming one of its first two female vice presidents in 1970, helped pay the steep tuition,[41] with some assistance from a scholarship.[42]

A year later, in August 1972, Dunham and her daughter moved back to Hawaii to rejoin her son and begin graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was supported by an Asia Foundation grant from August 1972 to July 1973 and by an East–West Center Technology and Development Institute grant from August 1973 to December 1978.[43]

Dunham completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December 1974,[4] and after having spent three years in Hawaii, Dunham, accompanied by her daughter Maya, returned to Indonesia in 1975 to do anthropological field work.[43][44] Her son chose not to go with them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school at Punahou School in Honolulu while living with his grandparents.[45] Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on November 5, 1980; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and had two children, a son, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born 1981), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born 1987). Lolo Soetoro died, age 52, on March 2, 1987, due to liver failure.[46]

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers.[47]

Professional life

From January 1968 to December 1969, Dunham taught English and was an assistant director of the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku Umar Street in the Gondangdia administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta–which was subsidized by the United States government.[43] From January 1970 to August 1972, Dunham taught English and was a department head and a director of the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in the Kebon Sirih administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.[43]

From 1968 to 1972, Dunham was a co-founder and active member of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the National Museum in Jakarta.[43][48] From 1972 to 1975, Dunham was crafts instructor (in weaving, batik, and dye) at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu.[43]

Dunham then had a career in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for the world's poor and worked with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development.[37]

In March 1977, Dunham, under the supervision of agricultural economics professor Leon A. Mears, developed and taught a short lecture course at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (FEUI) in Jakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional)—the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency.[43]

From June 1977 through September 1978, Dunham carried out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)—the Yogyakarta Special Region within Central Java in Indonesia under a student grant from the East–West Center.[49] As a weaver herself, Dunham was interested in village industries, and moved to Yogyakarta City, the center of Javanese handicrafts.[44][50]

In May and June 1978, Dunham was a short-term consultant in the office of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Jakarta, writing recommendations on village industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government's third five-year development plan (REPELITA III).[43][49]

From October 1978 to December 1980, Dunham was a rural industries consultant in Central Java on the Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Provincial Development Program (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta and implemented through Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI).[43][49]

From January 1981 to November 1984, Dunham was the program officer for women and employment in the Ford Foundation's Southeast Asia regional office in Jakarta.[43][49] While at the Ford Foundation, she developed a model of microfinance which is now the standard in Indonesia, a country that is a world leader in micro-credit systems.[51] Peter Geithner, father of Tim Geithner (who later became U.S. Secretary of the Treasury in her son's administration), was head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time.[52]

From May to November 1986 and from August to November 1987, Dunham was a cottage industries development consultant for the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) under the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Development Project (GADP).[43][49] The credit component of the project was implemented in the Gujranwala district of the Punjab province of Pakistan with funding from the Asian Development Bank and IFAD, with the credit component implemented through Louis Berger International, Inc.[43][49] Dunham worked closely with the Lahore office of the Punjab Small Industries Corporation (PSIC).[43][49]

From January 1988 to 1995, Dunham was a consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) in Jakarta, with her work funded by USAID and the World Bank.[43][49] In March 1993, Dunham was a research and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB) in New York.[43] She helped WWB manage the Expert Group Meeting on Women and Finance in New York in January 1994, and helped the WWB take prominent roles in the UN's Fourth World Conference on Women held September 4–15, 1995 in Beijing, and in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it.[43]

On August 9, 1992, she was awarded PhD in anthropology from the University of Hawaii, under the supervision of Prof. Alice G. Dewey, with a 1,043-page dissertation[53] titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds.[54] Anthropologist Michael Dove described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological study of a 1,200-year-old industry".[55] According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the roots of poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are responsible for the gap between less-developed countries and the industrialized West.[55] According to Dove, Dunham

found that the villagers she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs, beliefs and aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners. Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was "in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of the traditional culture" there for a millennium.

Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity of capital, the allocation of which was a matter of politics, not culture. Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential, perversely, of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites. As she wrote in her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then used the money to strengthen their own status further.[55]

Dunham produced a large amount of professional papers that are held in collections of the National Anthropological Archives (NAA). Her daughter donated a collection of them that is categorized as the S. Ann Dunham papers, 1965-2013. This collection contains case studies, correspondence, field notebooks, lectures, photographs, reports, research files, research proposals, surveys, and floppy disks documenting her dissertation research on blacksmithing, as well as her professional work as a consultant for organizations such as the Ford Foundation and the Bank Raykat Indonesia (BRI). They are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Her field notes have been digitized and, in 2020, Smithsonian Magazine noted that an effort had been established for a project to transcribe them.[56] Public participation in the transcription project was announced at the same time.

Illness and death

In late 1994, Dunham was living and working in Indonesia. One night, during dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, she experienced stomach pain. A visit to a local physician led to an initial diagnosis of indigestion.[16] Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and diagnosed with uterine cancer. By this time, the cancer had spread to her ovaries.[21] She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, 22 days short of her 53rd birthday.[57][58][37][59][60] Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu.[37] Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother Madelyn Dunham in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.[61]

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills.[60] The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:[60]

I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.[60]

Dunham's employer-provided health insurance covered most of the costs of her medical treatment, leaving her to pay the deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred dollars per month.[62] Her employer-provided disability insurance denied her claims for uncovered expenses because the insurance company said her cancer was a preexisting condition.[62]

Posthumous interest

In September 2008, the University of Hawaii at Mānoa held a symposium about Dunham.[63] In December 2009, Duke University Press published a version of Dunham's dissertation titled Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia. The book was revised and edited by Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice G. Dewey, and Nancy I. Cooper. Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, wrote the foreword for the book. In his afterword, Boston University anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and her legacy as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and engaged scholarship".[64] The book was launched at the 2009 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Philadelphia with a special Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; The 2009 meeting was taped by C-SPAN.[65]

In 2009, an exhibition of Dunham's Javanese batik textile collection (A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the United States, finishing the tour at the Textile Museum of Washington, D.C., in August.[66] Early in her life, Dunham explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver, creating wall hangings for her own enjoyment. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different fabrics.[67]

In December 2010 Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama, Indonesia's highest civilian award; the Bintang Jasa is awarded at three levels, and is presented to those individuals who have made notable civic and cultural contributions.[68]

A lengthy major biography of Dunham by former New York Times reporter Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman, was published in 2011.

The University of Hawaii Foundation has established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment, which supports a faculty position housed in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, providing funding for students associated with the East–West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.[5]

In 2010 the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established for young women graduating from Mercer Island High School, Ann's alma mater. In its first six years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships.[69]

On January 1, 2012, President Obama and his family visited an exhibition of his mother's anthropological work on display at the East–West Center.[70]

Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature length biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama (La mère d'Obama-French title) premiered on May 31, 2014, as part of the 40th annual Seattle International Film Festival, not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer Island.[71]

Personal beliefs

In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father, Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship ... she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."[72] In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household ... My mother's own experiences ... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones ... And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."[73] "Religion for her was "just one of the many ways—and not necessarily the best way—that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote:[74]

She felt that somehow, wandering through uncharted territory, we might stumble upon something that will, in an instant, seem to represent who we are at the core. That was very much her philosophy of life—to not be limited by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls around ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected places.
—Maya Soetoro-Ng[37]

Dunham's best friend in high school, Maxine Box, said that Dunham "touted herself as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn't."[6][75] On the other hand, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books—the Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture, the Tao Te Ching—and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute."[36] "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."[74]

In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."[16]

Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father:

My father was from Kenya and a lot of people in his village were Muslim. He didn't practice Islam. Truth is he wasn't very religious. He met my mother. My mother was a Christian from Kansas, and they married and then divorced. I was raised by my mother. So, I've always been a Christian. The only connection I've had to Islam is that my grandfather on my father's side came from that country. But I've never practiced Islam.[76]

Publications

• Dunham, S Ann (1982). Civil rights of working Indonesian women. OCLC 428080409.
• Dunham, S Ann (1982). The effects of industrialization on women workers in Indonesia. OCLC 428078083.
• Dunham, S Ann (1982). Women's work in village industries on Java. OCLC 663711102.
• Dunham, S Ann (1983). Women's economic activities in North Coast fishing communities: background for a proposal from PPA. OCLC 428080414.
• Dunham, S Ann; Haryanto, Roes (1990). BRI Briefing Booklet: KUPEDES Development Impact Survey. Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia.
• Dunham, S Ann (1992). Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds (Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC 608906279, 607863728, 221709485.
• Dunham, S Ann; Liputo, Yuliani; Prabantoro, Andityas (2008). Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara : kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia [Nusantara iron warriors: an anthropological study of traditional blacksmiths in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan. ISBN 9789794335345. OCLC 778260082.
• Dunham, S Ann (2010) [2009]. Dewey, Alice G; Cooper, Nancy I (eds.). Surviving against the odds : village industry in Indonesia. Foreword by Maya Soetoro-Ng; afterword by Robert W. Hefner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822346876. OCLC 492379459, 652066335.
• Dunham, S Ann; Ghildyal, Anita (2012). Ann Dunham's legacy : a collection of Indonesian batik. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia. ISBN 9789834469672. OCLC 809731662.

References

1. "S. Ann Dunham – Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia". Dukeupress.edu. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
2. Scott (2011), p. 6

   Anyone writing about Dunham's life must address the question of what to call her. She was Stanley Ann Dunham at birth and Stanley Ann as a child, but dropped the Stanley upon graduating from high school. She was Ann Dunham, then Ann Obama, then Ann Soetoro until her second divorce. Then she kept her husband's name but modernized the spelling to Sutoro. In the early 1980s, she was Ann Sutoro, Ann Dunham Sutoro, S. Ann Dunham Sutoro. In conversation, Indonesians who worked with her in the late 1980s and early 1990s referred to her as Ann Dunham, putting the emphasis on the second syllable of the surname. Toward the end of her life, she signed her dissertation S. Ann Dunham and official correspondence (Stanley) Ann Dunham.
   
   p. 363:
   modernized the spelling: The spelling of certain Indonesian words changed after Indonesia gained its independence from the Dutch in 1949, and again under a 1972 agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia... Names containing oe,... are now often spelled with a u... However, older spellings are still used in some personal names... After her divorce from Lolo Soetoro, Ann Dunham kept his last name for a number of years while she was still working in Indonesia, but she changed the spelling to Sutoro. Their daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, chose to keep the traditional spelling of her Indonesian surname.

3. The University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Anthropology says Ann Dunham received a B.A. in anthropology in August 1967 and contemporaneous correspondence in 1966 and 1967 between S. Ann Soetoro and the INS makes repeated references to her obtaining a BA in anthropology in 1967.
4. Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (November 2008). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Anthropology News. 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2009. reprinted by:
   • "Spotlight on Alumni: EWC Alumna Ann Dunham— Mother to President Obama and Champion of Women's Rights and Economic Justice". Honolulu, HI: East–West Center. December 9, 2008. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
5. "The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowed Fund". Retrieved January 2, 2012.
6. Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
   . (March 27, 2007). "Video: Reflections on Obama's mother (02:34)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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7. Peters, Susan (January 27, 2009). "President Obama: from Kansas to the capital, part II (video at videosurf.com)". Wichita: KAKE 10 News (ABC). Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
8. "Partial ancestor table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr" (PDF). Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
   Peters, Susan (January 27, 2009). "President Obama: from Kansas to the capital". Wichita: KAKE 10 News (ABC). Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
9. Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). "The quest for Obama's Irish roots". Ancestry. 26 (6): 46–47, 49. ISSN 1075-475X. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
   • Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
   • Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (Associated Press) (June 4, 2009). "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USAToday.com. Retrieved May 13, 2010.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
   • Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). "For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Press Association of Ireland. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
   • Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own". The Washington Post. p. A14. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
   • David Williamson (July 5, 2008). "Wales link in US presidential candidate's past". www.walesonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
10. Boston Genealogical Society Confirms Obama and "Wild Bill" Hickok Are Cousins New England Historic Genealogical Society, July 30, 2008.
11. "Press Release: Ancestry.com Discovers President Obama Related to First Documented Slave in America: Research Connects First African-American President to First African Slave in the American Colonies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
12. Harman, Anatasia; Cottrill, Natalie D.; Reed, Paul C.; Shumway, Joseph (July 15, 2012). "Documenting President Barack Obama's Maternal African-American Ancestry:Tracing His Mother's Bunch Ancestry to the First Slave in America" (PDF). Ancestry.com. Retrieved September 10, 2013. Most people will be surprised to learn that U.S. President Barack Obama has African-American ancestry through his mother. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
13. Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (September 9, 2007). "The Obama family tree" (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2B. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
14. Nakaso, Dan (November 4, 2008). "Barack Obama's grandma, 86, dies of cancer before election". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
    Nakaso, Dan (November 11, 2008). "Day, time of Dunham death clarified". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
15. Scott (2011), pp. 41–42.
    Maraniss (2012), p. 68

    A woman named Stanley: "Madelyn thought that was the height of sophistication!" recalled her brother Charles Payne, and the notion of giving her baby girl that name took hold. The coincidence that her husband was also Stanley only deepened the association.

16. Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2009. Ripley, Amanda (April 21, 2008). "A mother's story". Time. 171 (16): 36–40, 42.
17. Jones 2007. See also: "Obama's grandparents, mother lived in Oklahoma". Tulsa: KOTV 6 News (CBS). Associated Press. February 8, 2009. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2010. Also: Stewart, Linda (February 15, 2009). "'Connections everywhere': Barack Obama's mother spent time in Vernon as child". Times Record News. Wichita Falls. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
18. Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
19. Obama, Barack (2020) A Promised Land. Crown. p. 15. ISBN 978-1524763169
20. Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. Dreams from my father: a story of race and inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4000-8277-3.
    Mendell (2007), p. 27.
    Glauberman, Stu; Burris, Jerry (2008). The dream begins: how Hawai'i shaped Barack Obama. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-9815086-8-9.
    Jacobs, Sally (September 21, 2008). "A father's charm, absence; friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a self-confident, complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
21. Maraniss, David (August 22, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2008. (online)
    Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. (print)
22. Meacham, Jon (August 23, 2008). "On his own". newsweek.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (September 1, 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)
23. Oywa, John (November 10, 2008). "Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior". The Standard (Kenya). in keeping with the Luo customs, Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife, which she granted.
24. Henig, Jess; Miller, Joe (August 21, 2008). "Born in the U.S.A." Washington, D.C.: FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
25. Brodeur, Nicole (February 5, 2008). "Memories of Obama's mother". The Seattle Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009. Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle...
26. Martin, Jonathan (April 8, 2008). "Obama's mother known here as "uncommon"". The Seattle Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
    Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake,[Botkin] another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya."
    Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."
27. Montgomery, Rick (May 26, 2008). "Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas". The Kansas City Star. p. A1. Retrieved February 13, 2009. But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son.
28. . (March 27, 2007). "Video: She changed his diapers (01:02)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Susan Blake [Botkin] (Stanley Ann Dunham's high school classmate)
29. At some point, she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard (where he would not enroll until the fall of 1962). See Maraniss August 22, 2008.
30. LeFevre, Charlette (January 9, 2009). "Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill". Capitol Hill Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2013. A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus ... Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library.
31. LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip (January 28, 2009). "Baby sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill". Seattle Museum of the Mysteries, 2009-02-06 on p. 3 of the Seattle Gay News. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) LeFevre and Lipson wrote:

    Mary Toutonghi ... recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of babysitting Barack in January and February of 1962 ... Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington, and according to the University of Washington's registrar's office her major was listed as history. She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961, took a full course load in the spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1962. Along with the Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar's office confirms 516 13th Ave. E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.

    Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address, in the Seattle Reverse Directory, 1961–1962. See:
    Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
32. Neyman, Jenny (January 20, 2009). "Obama baby sitter awaits new era—Soldotna woman eager for former charge's reign". Redoubt Reporter. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
33. One source says the scholarship was for New York University:
    Meacham, Jon (August 23, 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved November 14, 2008.;
    others say it was for the New School for Social Research, e.g.:
    Maraniss, David (August 22, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
34. . (1986). "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston: Harvard Alumni Association. ISSN 0895-1683.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
35. Oywa, John; Olwenya, George (November 14, 2008). "Obama's dad and his many loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
36. Solomon, Deborah (January 20, 2008). "Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the family". The New York Times Magazine. p. 17. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
37. Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
38. Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
    Habib, Ridlawn (November 11, 2008). "Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling to Yogyakarta, Barry can eat one whole chicken)". Jawa Pos (in Indonesian). Surabya. Retrieved May 10, 2011. Google Translate's English translation
    Scott, Janny (2011). A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2. When Lolo completed his military service, Trisulo, who was married to Lolo's sister, Soewardinah, used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia, he told me, to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California.
39. Higgins, Andrew (April 9, 2010). "Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
40. Onishi, Norimitsu (November 9, 2010). "Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
41. Mendell (2007), p. 36.
42. Tani, Carlyn (Spring 2007). "A kid called Barry: Barack Obama '79". Punahou Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
43. Dunham, S. Ann (2008). "Tentang penulis (About the author)". Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds). Bandung: Mizan. pp. 211–219. ISBN 978-979-433-534-5.
44. Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "January 8, 1976, letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. Alice G. Dewey (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu)". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. xli–xliv. ISBN 978-0-8223-4687-6.

    Actually I had hoped to move to Jogja at midyear, but was unable to win a contract release from my old school in Jakarta (they sponsored me via an Asia Foundation grant for my first two years in Hawaii). As it turns out, however, I had plenty to do to keep me busy in W. Java, and was able to carry out reasonably complete surveys of 3 village areas within radius of Jakarta.
    
    At present I am staying with my mother-in-law on the corner of Taman Sari inside the Benteng, but according to old law foreigners are not allowed to live inside the Benteng. I had to get a special dispensation from the kraton on the grounds that I am "djaga-ing" my mother-in-law (she is 76 and strong as a horse but manages to look nice and frail). In June I am having Barry come over for the summer, however, and will probably need to find another place, since I don't think I can stretch an excuse and say we are both needed to djaga my mother-in-law.

45. Mendell (2007), p. 43.
46. Habib, Ridlawn (November 6, 2008). "Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro, kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta (Lolo Soetoro's extended family, close relatives to American Presidential nominee in Jakarta)". Jawa Pos. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
47. Staunton, Denis (November 6, 2008). "Easy-going youth who put passion into politics". The Irish Times. p. 51. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
48. Van Dam, Emma (September 28, 2009). "Exploring the 'real' Indonesia with the Heritage Society". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
49. Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "Appendix. Other projects undertaken by the author related to the present research". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. 299–301. ISBN 978-0-8223-4687-6.
50. Sutoro, Ann Dunham; Haryanto, Roes (1990). BRI briefing booklet: KUPEDES development impact survey. Jakarta: Bank Rakyat Indonesia.
51. Kampfner, Judith (September 15, 2009). "Dreams from my mother". London: BBC World Service. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
52. Wilhelm, Ian (December 3, 2008). "Ford Foundation links parents of Obama and Treasury secretary nominee". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
53. Scott (2011), p. 292.
54. Dunham, S. Ann (1992). "Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds". Honolulu: University of Hawaii. OCLC 65874559. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
55. Dove, Michael R. (August 11, 2009). "Dreams from his mother". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
56. Sexton, Courtney, Help Transcribe Field Notes Penned by S. Ann Dunham, a Pioneering Anthropologist and Barack Obama’s Mother, Smithsonian Magazine, July 15, 2020
57. "Obituaries: Stanley Ann Dunham". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. November 14, 1995. p. C12. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
58. "Obituaries: Stanley Ann Dunham". The Honolulu Advertiser. November 17, 1995. p. D6. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
59. Chipman, Kim (February 11, 2008). "Obama drive gets inspiration from his white mom born in Kansas". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
60. McCormick, John (September 21, 2007). "Obama's mother in new ad". Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
61. . (December 24, 2008). "Obama bids farewell to grandmother (photo gallery)". New York Post. Retrieved December 25, 2008.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
62. Scott (2011), pp. 328–336.
    Gerhart, Ann (July 14, 2011). "Obama's mother had health insurance, according to biography". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
63. Essoyan, Susan (September 18, 2008). "A woman of the people: a symposium recalls the efforts of Stanley Ann Dunham to aid the poor". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
64. Office of News & Communications (May 4, 2009). "Book by President Barack Obama's mother to be published by Duke University Press". Durham, NC, USA: Duke University. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2013.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

    See also:

    • . (2009). "Details: Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia by S. Ann Dunham". Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2009.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
65. . (December 16, 2009). "C-SPAN airs 2009 presidential session on S. Ann Dunham". Arlington, Va.: American Anthropological Association. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    American Anthropological Association – 108th annual meeting – Philadelphia (December 3, 2009). "Panel on Ann Dunham's "Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia" (video 1:57:18)". Washington, D.C.: Book TV. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
66. McCann, Ruth (August 8, 2009). "Cut from Obama's mother's cloth". The Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
67. . (2009). "Previous exhibitions: A lady found a culture in its cloth: Barack Obama's mother and Indonesian batiks, August 9–23, 2009". Washington, D.C.: Textile Museum. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
68. "Wisdom 2010 Yogyakarta, Indonesia". Retrieved February 28, 2012.
69. Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship Fund Website
70. "Scenes from Hawaii, Part II". mrs-o.org. January 3, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
71. "Obama Mama". Seattle International Film Festival. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
72. De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What makes Obama run?". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
73. Obama, Barack (October 15, 2006). "Book excerpt (from The Audacity of Hope)". Time. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
74. Sabar, Ariel (July 16, 2007). "Barack Obama: Putting faith out front". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
75. Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Family portraits - Strong personalities shaped a future senator, Barack Obama". Chicago Tribune.
76. Anburajan, Aswini (December 22, 2007). "Obama asked about connection to Islam". First Read. msnbc.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
    Saul, Michael (December 22, 2007). "I'm no Muslim, says Barack Obama". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 28, 2008.

References

• Maraniss, David (June 19, 2012). Barack Obama: the story. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-6040-4.
• Mendell, David (August 14, 2007). Obama: from promise to power. New York: Amistad/Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-085820-9.
• Scott, Janny (May 3, 2011). A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2.

Further reading

• Works by or about Ann Dunham in libraries (WorldCat catalog)