Apache Maven

Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java projects. Maven can also be used to build and manage projects written in C#, Ruby, Scala, and other languages. The Maven project is hosted by the Apache Software Foundation, where it was formerly part of the Jakarta Project.

Apache Maven
Developer(s)Apache Software Foundation
Initial release13 July 2004 (2004-07-13)
Stable release
3.6.3 / 25 November 2019 (2019-11-25)[1]
RepositoryMaven Repository
Written inJava
TypeBuild tool
LicenseApache License 2.0
Websitemaven.apache.org

Maven addresses two aspects of building software: how software is built, and its dependencies. Unlike earlier tools like Apache Ant, it uses conventions for the build procedure, and only exceptions need to be written down. An XML file describes the software project being built, its dependencies on other external modules and components, the build order, directories, and required plug-ins. It comes with pre-defined targets for performing certain well-defined tasks such as compilation of code and its packaging. Maven dynamically downloads Java libraries and Maven plug-ins from one or more repositories such as the Maven 2 Central Repository, and stores them in a local cache.[2] This local cache of downloaded artifacts can also be updated with artifacts created by local projects. Public repositories can also be updated.

Maven is built using a plugin-based architecture that allows it to make use of any application controllable through standard input. A C/C++ native plugin is maintained for Maven 2.[3]

Alternative technologies like Gradle and sbt as build tools do not rely on XML, but keep the key concepts Maven introduced. With Apache Ivy, a dedicated dependency manager was developed as well that also supports Maven repositories.[4]

Apache Maven has support for reproducible builds.[5][6]

History
The number of artifacts on Maven's central repository has grown rapidly

Maven, created by Jason van Zyl, began as a sub-project of Apache Turbine in 2002. In 2003, it was voted on and accepted as a top level Apache Software Foundation project. In July 2004, Maven's release was the critical first milestone, v1.0. Maven 2 was declared v2.0 in October 2005 after about six months in beta cycles. Maven 3.0 was released in October 2010 being mostly backwards compatible with Maven 2.

Maven 3.0 information began trickling out in 2008. After eight alpha releases, the first beta version of Maven 3.0 was released in April 2010. Maven 3.0 has reworked the core Project Builder infrastructure resulting in the POM's file-based representation being decoupled from its in-memory object representation. This has expanded the possibility for Maven 3.0 add-ons to leverage non-XML based project definition files. Languages suggested include Ruby (already in private prototype by Jason van Zyl), YAML, and Groovy.

Special attention was given to ensuring backward compatibility of Maven 3 to Maven 2. For most projects, upgrading to Maven 3 will not require any adjustments of their project structure. The first beta of Maven 3 saw the introduction of a parallel build feature which leverages a configurable number of cores on a multi-core machine and is especially suited for large multi-module projects.

Syntax
A directory structure for a Java project auto-generated by Maven

Maven projects are configured using a Project Object Model, which is stored in a pom.xml-file. An example file looks like:

<project>
  <!-- model version is always 4.0.0 for Maven 2.x POMs -->
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <!-- project coordinates, i.e. a group of values which uniquely identify this project -->
  <groupId>com.mycompany.app</groupId>
  <artifactId>my-app</artifactId>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <!-- library dependencies -->
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <!-- coordinates of the required library -->
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>3.8.1</version>
      <!-- this dependency is only used for running and compiling tests -->
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</project>

This POM only defines a unique identifier for the project (coordinates) and its dependency on the JUnit framework. However, that is already enough for building the project and running the unit tests associated with the project. Maven accomplishes this by embracing the idea of Convention over Configuration, that is, Maven provides default values for the project's configuration.

The directory structure of a normal idiomatic Maven project has the following directory entries:

Directory name Purpose
project home Contains the pom.xml and all subdirectories.
src/main/java Contains the deliverable Java sourcecode for the project.
src/main/resources Contains the deliverable resources for the project, such as property files.
src/test/java Contains the testing Java sourcecode (JUnit or TestNG test cases, for example) for the project.
src/test/resources Contains resources necessary for testing.

The command mvn package will compile all the Java files, run any tests, and package the deliverable code and resources into target/my-app-1.0.jar (assuming the artifactId is my-app and the version is 1.0.)

Using Maven, the user provides only configuration for the project, while the configurable plug-ins do the actual work of compiling the project, cleaning target directories, running unit tests, generating API documentation and so on. In general, users should not have to write plugins themselves. Contrast this with Ant and make, in which one writes imperative procedures for doing the aforementioned tasks.

Design

Project Object Model

A Project Object Model (POM) provides all the configuration for a single project. General configuration covers the project's name, its owner and its dependencies on other projects. One can also configure individual phases of the build process, which are implemented as plugins. For example, one can configure the compiler-plugin to use Java version 1.5 for compilation, or specify packaging the project even if some unit tests fail.

Larger projects should be divided into several modules, or sub-projects, each with its own POM. One can then write a root POM through which one can compile all the modules with a single command. POMs can also inherit configuration from other POMs. All POMs inherit from the Super POM[7] by default. The Super POM provides default configuration, such as default source directories, default plugins, and so on.

Plug-ins

Most of Maven's functionality is in plug-ins. A plugin provides a set of goals that can be executed using the command mvn [plugin-name]:[goal-name]. For example, a Java project can be compiled with the compiler-plugin's compile-goal[8] by running mvn compiler:compile.

There are Maven plugins for building, testing, source control management, running a web server, generating Eclipse project files, and much more.[9] Plugins are introduced and configured in a <plugins>-section of a pom.xml file. Some basic plugins are included in every project by default, and they have sensible default settings.

However, it would be cumbersome if the archetypal build sequence of building, testing and packaging a software project required running each respective goal manually:

  • mvn compiler:compile
  • mvn surefire:test
  • mvn jar:jar

Maven's lifecycle concept handles this issue.

Plugins are the primary way to extend Maven. Developing a Maven plugin can be done by extending the org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo class. Example code and explanation for a Maven plugin to create a cloud-based virtual machine running an application server is given in the article Automate development and management of cloud virtual machines.[10]

Build lifecycles

The build lifecycle is a list of named phases that can be used to give order to goal execution. One of Maven's standard lifecycles is the default lifecycle, which includes the following phases, in this order:[11]

  • validate
  • generate-sources
  • process-sources
  • generate-resources
  • process-resources
  • compile
  • process-test-sources
  • process-test-resources
  • test-compile
  • test
  • package
  • install
  • deploy

Goals provided by plugins can be associated with different phases of the lifecycle. For example, by default, the goal "compiler:compile" is associated with the "compile" phase, while the goal "surefire:test" is associated with the "test" phase. When the mvn test command is executed, Maven runs all goals associated with each of the phases up to and including the "test" phase. In such a case, Maven runs the "resources:resources" goal associated with the "process-resources" phase, then "compiler:compile", and so on until it finally runs the "surefire:test" goal.

Maven also has standard phases for cleaning the project and for generating a project site. If cleaning were part of the default lifecycle, the project would be cleaned every time it was built. This is clearly undesirable, so cleaning has been given its own lifecycle.

Standard lifecycles enable users new to a project the ability to accurately build, test and install every Maven project by issuing the single command mvn install. By default, Maven packages the POM file in generated JAR and WAR files. Tools like diet4j[12] can use this information to recursively resolve and run Maven modules at run-time without requiring an "uber"-jar that contains all project code.

Dependencies

A central feature in Maven is dependency management. Maven's dependency-handling mechanism is organized around a coordinate system identifying individual artifacts such as software libraries or modules. The POM example above references the JUnit coordinates as a direct dependency of the project. A project that needs, say, the Hibernate library simply has to declare Hibernate's project coordinates in its POM. Maven will automatically download the dependency and the dependencies that Hibernate itself needs (called transitive dependencies) and store them in the user's local repository. Maven 2 Central Repository[2] is used by default to search for libraries, but one can configure the repositories to be used (e.g., company-private repositories) within the POM.

The fundamental difference between Maven and Ant is that Maven's design regards all projects as having a certain structure and a set of supported task work-flows (e.g., getting resources from source control, compiling the project, unit testing, etc.). While most software projects in effect support these operations and actually do have a well-defined structure, Maven requires that this structure and the operation implementation details be defined in the POM file. Thus, Maven relies on a convention on how to define projects and on the list of work-flows that are generally supported in all projects.[13]

There are search engines such as The Central Repository Search Engine[14] which can be used to find out coordinates for different open-source libraries and frameworks.

Projects developed on a single machine can depend on each other through the local repository. The local repository is a simple folder structure that acts both as a cache for downloaded dependencies and as a centralized storage place for locally built artifacts. The Maven command mvn install builds a project and places its binaries in the local repository. Then other projects can utilize this project by specifying its coordinates in their POMs.

Interoperability

Add-ons to several popular integrated development environments targeting the Java programming language exist to provide integration of Maven with the IDE's build mechanism and source editing tools, allowing Maven to compile projects from within the IDE, and also to set the classpath for code completion, highlighting compiler errors, etc. Examples of popular IDEs supporting development with Maven include:

These add-ons also provide the ability to edit the POM or use the POM to determine a project's complete set of dependencies directly within the IDE.

Some built-in features of IDEs are forfeited when the IDE no longer performs compilation. For example, Eclipse's JDT has the ability to recompile a single Java source file after it has been edited. Many IDEs work with a flat set of projects instead of the hierarchy of folders preferred by Maven. This complicates the use of SCM systems in IDEs when using Maven.[15][16][17]

See also

References
  1. "Apache Projects Releases". projects.apache.org.
  2. "Index of /maven2/". Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  3. Laugstol, Trygve. "MojoHaus Native Maven Plugin".
  4. "IBiblio Resolver | Apache Ivy™".
  5. "Reproducible/Verifiable Builds - Apache Maven - Apache Software Foundation". cwiki.apache.org.
  6. "Reproducible Builds in Java - DZone Java". dzone.com.
  7. Super POM
  8. Punzalan, Edwin. "Apache Maven Compiler Plugin – Introduction".
  9. Marbaise, Brett Porter Jason van Zyl Dennis Lundberg Olivier Lamy Benson Margulies Karl-Heinz. "Maven – Available Plugins".
  10. Amies, Alex; Zou P X; Wang Yi S (29 Oct 2011). "Automate development and management of cloud virtual machines". IBM developerWorks. IBM.
  11. Porter, Brett. "Maven – Introduction to the Build Lifecycle".
  12. "diet4j - put Java JARs on a diet, and load maven modules as needed".
  13. "Maven: The Complete Reference". Sonatype. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  14. The Central Repository Search Engine,
  15. "maven.apache.org/eclipse-plugin.html". Archived from the original on May 7, 2015.
  16. "IntelliJ IDEA :: Features".
  17. "MavenBestPractices - NetBeans Wiki".

Further reading
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