Apteronotus rostratus

Apteronotus rostratus is a species of apteronotid electric fish. These fish typically exhibit a wide diversity of skull shapes, ranging from highly elongate skulls to highly foreshortened ones, with both types evolving independently multiple times.[1][2] In Apteronotus rostratus and some others, such as Compsaraia samueli, mature males grow extremely elongated snouts and oral jaws which are used in agonistic interactions with other males.[3][4] This is an example of sexual weaponry. A study comparing skull shape and jaw-closing performance in males and females of Apteronotus rostratus suggested that males with elongated faces for use in fights did not have lower mechanical advantages, in contrast to the similar species Compsaraia samueli in which males exhibit a trade-off between sexual weaponry and jaw leverage.[5]

Apteronotus rostratus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Gymnotiformes
Family:
Apteronotidae
Genus:
Apteronotus
Species:
A. rostratus
Binomial name
Apteronotus rostratus
(Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)

References
  1. Evans, Kory M.; Waltz, Brandon; Tagliacollo, Victor; Chakrabarty, Prosanta; Albert, James S. (2017). "Why the short face? Developmental disintegration of the neurocranium drives convergent evolution in neotropical electric fishes". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (6): 1783–1801. doi:10.1002/ece3.2704. PMC 5355199. PMID 28331588.
  2. Evans, Kory M.; Waltz, Brandon T.; Tagliacollo, Victor A.; Sidlauskas, Brian L.; Albert, James S. (2017). "Fluctuations in evolutionary integration allow for big brains and disparate faces". Scientific Reports. 7: 40431. doi:10.1038/srep40431. PMC 5238424. PMID 28091543.
  3. Triefenbach, Frank A.; Zakon, Harold H. (2008). "Changes in signalling during agonistic interactions between male weakly electric knifefish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus". Animal Behaviour. 75 (4): 1263–1272. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.027. S2CID 53155927.
  4. Albert, James S.; Crampton, William G. R. (2009). "A new species of electric knifefish, genus Compsaraia (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon River, with extreme sexual dimorphism in snout and jaw length". Systematics and Biodiversity. 7 (1): 81–92. doi:10.1017/S1477200008002934. S2CID 53333824.
  5. Evans, Kory M.; Maxwell, J. Bernt; Kolmann, Matthew A.; Ford, Kassandra L.; Albert, James S. (2019). "Why the long face? Static allometry in the sexually dimorphic phenotypes of Neotropical electric fishes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 186 (3): 633–649. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly076.


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