BLITS

BLITS (Ball Lens In The Space) is a Russian satellite launched on September 17, 2009, as a secondary payload on a Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The satellite is totally passive and spherical, and is tracked using satellite laser ranging (SLR) by the International Laser Ranging Service.[3] The design of BLITS is based on the optical Luneburg lens concept. The retroreflector is a multilayer glass sphere; it provides uniform reflection characteristics when viewed within a very wide range of angles, and can provide a cross-section sufficient for observations at low to medium orbit heights. A similar design was already tested on a smaller laser reflector carried on board of the METEOR-3M spacecraft launched on December 10, 2001.[4]

BLITS

An artist's impression of BLITS
Mission type	Technology
Operator	Roskosmos ILRS network
COSPAR ID	2009-049G
SATCAT no.	35871
Mission duration	Achieved: 3.5 years Planned: 5 years
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	FSUE-IPIE
Launch mass	7.53 kilograms (16.6 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date	17 September 2009, 15:55:07 UTC[1]
Rocket	Soyuz-2-1b/Fregat
Launch site	Baikonur Site 31/6
End of mission
Last contact	March-April 2013
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Semi-major axis	7,197.67 kilometres (4,472.42 mi)
Eccentricity	0.0004373
Perigee altitude	823 kilometres (511 mi)
Apogee altitude	829 kilometres (515 mi)
Inclination	98.55 degrees
Period	101.28 minutes
RAAN	105.39 degrees
Argument of perigee	71.58 degrees
Epoch	25 February 2014, 08:51:29 UTC[2]

The purpose of the mission was to validate the spherical glass retroreflector satellite concept and obtain SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) data for solution of scientific problems in geophysics, geodynamics, and relativity. The BLITS allows millimeter and submillimeter accuracy SLR measurements, as its "target error" (uncertainty of reflection center relative to its center of mass) is less than 0.1 mm. An additional advantage is that the Earth's magnetic field does not affect the satellite orbit and spin parameters, unlike retroreflectors incorporated into active satellites. The BLITS allows the most accurate measurements of any SLR satellites, with the same accuracy level as a ground target.[5]

The satellite was inserted into an 832 km (517 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit, with an inclination of 98.85º.[6] The satellite was spinning at a spin period of 5.6 seconds around the axis normal to its orbit plane, allowing laser light to be reflected in short bursts because only half of the satellite is covered in a reflective coating. As the satellite is made of glass, minimal in-flight spin slowdown was expected since there were no conducting parts where currents interacting with the Earth magnetic field can be induced.[7] The expected operative life was at least five years, but the mission was interrupted in 2013 after a collision with space debris.[7][8]

Structure

The satellite body consists of two outer hemispheres (radius 85.16 mm or 3.353 in) made of a low-refraction-index glass and an inner ball lens (radius 53.52 mm or 2.107 in) made of a high-refraction-index glass; the two outer hemispheres and the inner ball are glued together, and one of the outer hemispheres is externally coated with a reflective coating, covered with a protective varnish. The total mass is 7.53 kg (16.6 lb).[1][7]

The actual satellite is a solid sphere around 17 cm (6.7 in) in diameter, weighing 7.63 kg (16.8 lb). It is made with two hemispherical shells (outer radius 85.16 mm (3.353 in)) of low refractive index glass (n = 1.47), and an inner sphere or ball lens (radius 53.52 mm (2.107 in)) made of a high refractive index glass (n = 1.76). The hemispheres are glued over the ball lens with all spherical surfaces concentric; the external surface of one hemisphere is coated with aluminum and protected by a varnish layer. It was designed for ranging with a green (532 nm) laser. When used for ranging, the phase center is 85.16 mm (3.353 in) behind the sphere center, with a range correction of +196.94 mm (7.754 in) taking into account the indices of refraction.[9] A smaller spherical retroreflector of the same type but 6 cm in diameter was fastened to the Meteor-3M spacecraft and tested during its space flight of 2001–2006.

Collision

In early 2013, the satellite was found to have a new orbit 120 m (390 ft) lower, a faster spin period of 2.1 seconds, and a different spin axis.[8] The change was traced back to an event that occurred 22 Jan 2013 at 07:57 UTC; data from the United States's Space Surveillance Network showed that within 10 seconds of that time BLITS was close to the predicted path of a fragment of the former Chinese Fengyun-1C satellite, with a relative velocity of 9.6 km/s (6.0 mi/s) between them. The Chinese government destroyed the Fengyun-1C, at an altitude of 865 km (537 mi), on 11 Jan 2007 as a test of an anti-satellite missile, leaving 2,300 to 15,000 pieces of debris.

On January 28, 2013, the International Laser Ranging Service announced that a collision happened between BLITS and a space debris fragment. As a result, an abrupt change occurred of the BLITS orbit parameters (a decrease of the orbiting period), and the spin period changed from 5.6 s before collision to 2.1 s after collision. On April 19, 2013 BLITS mission contacts from the Scientific Research Institute for Precision Instrument Engineering in Moscow asked the ILRS to end tracking on the satellite.[10] According to the simulation by the Center for Space Standards & Innovation (CSSI), a research arm of Analytical Graphics, Inc. (AGI), BLITS could have been hit by a piece of debris originated by the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test.[11]

Last science data was returned from the satellite on 5 March 2013.[12]

A scheme illustrating how the BLITS retroreflector works.

New version

An improved version of the reflector, named BLITS-M, launched 26 December 2019 with a Gonets-M mission on a Rokot rocket.[13] BLITS-M failed to separate from the upper stage; thus the mission was a failure.[14]

References

1. "BLITS". International Laser Ranging Service. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
2. "BLITS Satellite details 2009-049G NORAD 35871". N2YO. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
3. Pearlman, M.; Arnold, D.; Davis, M.; Barlier, F.; Biancale, R.; Vasiliev, V.; Ciufolini, I.; Paolozzi, A.; Pavlis, E. C.; Sośnica, K.; Bloßfeld, M. (November 2019). "Laser geodetic satellites: a high-accuracy scientific tool". Journal of Geodesy. 93 (11): 2181–2194. doi:10.1007/s00190-019-01228-y.
4. "Spherical Retroreflector with an Extremely Small Target Error: International Experiment in Space" (PDF). 13th International Workshop on Laser Ranging. Toward Millimeter Accuracy. NASA.
5. "BLITS: spin parameters and its optical response measured by the Graz 2kHz SLR system" (PDF).
6. Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian; Meyer, Ulrich; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Dach, Rolf (October 2015). "Time variable Earth's gravity field from SLR satellites". Journal of Geodesy. 89 (10): 945–960. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0825-1.
7. "BLITS (Ball Lens In The Space)". ESA, Earth Observation portal.
8. "Russian BLITS Satellite hit by Space Debris". Spaceflight101: Space News and Beyond. 9 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 16 April 2020.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
9. "BLITS LRS Mission Support Status". Archived from the original on 2016-10-16. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
10. "ILRS News". International Laser Ranging Service. (Scroll the page to read the news about 04/19/2013 of 02/28/2013).
11. Kelso, T.S. (March 8, 2013). "Chinese space debris may have hit Russian satellite". AGI Blog. AGI – Analytical Graphics, Inc. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
12. https://ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_missions/past_missions/index.html
13. Krebs, Gunter. "BLITS-M". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
14. Krebs, Gunter (2 April 2020). "BLITS-M 1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 21 April 2020.