Battle of Cheriton

The Battle of Cheriton was an important Parliamentarian victory in the First English Civil War. It took place on 29 March 1644 and resulted in the defeat of a Royalist army, which threw King Charles I onto the defensive for the remainder of the year.

Battle of Cheriton
Part of the First English Civil War

A historical reenactment of the battle
Date29 March 1644
Location
Near Cheriton, Hampshire
Result Parliamentarian victory
Belligerents
Royalists Parliamentarians
Commanders and leaders
Earl of Forth
Lord Hopton		 Sir William Waller
Strength
2,500 cavalry
3,500 infantry		 3,500 cavalry
6,500 infantry
Casualties and losses
300 killed or wounded[1] 60 killed or wounded[1]
Cheriton
Southampton
New_Alresford
Basing_House
Hampshire and Cheriton

Campaign

Early in 1644, a Royalist army under Lord Hopton faced a Parliamentarian army under Sir William Waller in the southern counties of England. After some reverses during the previous December, culminating in the Battle of Alton, Hopton had withdrawn to Winchester to regroup and recruit. He was joined there by a detachment from the King's main "Oxford Army" under the Earl of Forth, who unwillingly took command of the army. They resumed their advance eastward early in March.

Waller's army of the "Southern Association" had also been reinforced by detachments from the main Parliamentarian army under the Earl of Essex and the London Trained Bands, and was advancing westward from his winter quarters near Arundel. Forth and Hopton determined to seize New Alresford, thus placing themselves between Waller and London. They forestalled the Parliamentarian cavalry under Sir William Balfour, and occupied the town late on 27 March.

On 28 March, the Royalists advanced cautiously south from Alresford. An advanced guard under Sir George Lisle occupied an outpost position near Cheriton as night fell and reported that the Parliamentarians were retreating.

Battle

The Parliamentarians had been outmanoeuvred up to this point, and had indeed begun to retreat, but overnight Waller changed his mind and ordered an advance. As dawn broke, the City of London Brigade occupied Cheriton Wood. Hopton had moved to Lisle's outpost, and realised that it would have to be hastily withdrawn. The Royalists retreated to a ridge north of the wood, as Waller advanced.

Hopton was determined to recapture Cheriton Wood, and sent forward 1,000 "commanded" musketeers under Colonel Appleyard, supported by a battery of guns. There was some hot fighting, but the Parliamentarians abandoned the wood. Forth and Hopton intended to stand on the defensive at this point, but an impetuous infantry commander, Sir Henry Bard, launched his regiment of foot against the Parliamentarian left wing horse. Bard's regiment was overwhelmed and destroyed by a charge from Sir Arthur Haselrig's regiment of horse. The Royalist cavalry on the right wing tried to support him, but were forced to make disjointed attacks along narrow lanes and were defeated in turn.

Hopton sent the Royalist horse from the left wing under Sir Edward Stawell to make a better prepared attack, but they were also defeated. Haselrig's regiment now attacked the Royalist foot moving up in support, and drove them back. The Parliamentarians also attacked the Royalist left, which had been denuded of its horse, and regained Cheriton Wood.

The Royalists fell back to their ridge, but Hopton and Forth realised they could not withstand a deliberate Parliamentarian attack the next day. As evening fell, the Royalists retreated to Basing House,[2] having lost many brave cavaliers including their Lieutenant General of Horse, Lord John Stuart; Major General of Horse, Sir John Smith; Sir Edward Stowell; and Henry Sandys of the Vyne, grandson of William, Fourth Lord Sandys.[3] In addition to these casualties, Raoul Fleury (c/o of the Queens Regiment) and the aforementioned Sir Henry Bard were both badly wounded.

Results

The defeat of Forth's and Hopton's army left the King's plans of a thrust into Sussex and Kent in tatters. It also allowed the Parliamentarian armies of Essex and Waller to concentrate against the King at Oxford. The King merged the remnants of Hopton's army into his own at the review held at Aldbourne during April 1644. The infantry was formed into a single brigade under Sir Bernard Astley while most of the cavalry was formed into Sir Humphrey Bennett's brigade, with other remnants joining Lord Wilmot's brigade.

Although King Charles was able to partly restore the situation later in 1644 by gaining victories at Cropredy Bridge and Lostwithiel, the Royalists would never again resume the offensive in the south of England.[4] The prominent Royalist statesman, the Earl of Clarendon, considered the battle a disaster.[5]

Citations
  1. Foard (2020).
  2. Newman (1998), p. 49.
  3. MacLean (1885), p. 143.
  4. Barratt (2004), p. 209.
  5. Barratt (2004), p. 14.

References
  • Barratt, John (2004). Cavalier Generals: Charles I and His Commanders during the English Civil War 1642-46. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473813038.
  • Foard, G; Partida, T (2020). "Battle of Cheriton 29th March 1644". UK Battlefields Resource Center. The Battlefields Trust. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  • Newman, P.R. (1998). Atlas of the English Civil War (Reprint - Reissue ed.). Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415196109.
  • MacLean, Sir John; Heane, W.C., eds. (1885). The Visitation of Gloucestershire 1623. London.

Further reading
  • Adair, John Eric (1973). Cheriton 1644: The Campaign and the Battle. Kineton, Warwickshire, England: Roundwood Press. ISBN 978-0-900093-19-7.
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1987). History of the Great Civil War, Volume 1 1642–44. London: Windrush Press. ISBN 978-0-900075-00-1. Note: republished from first edition, Longmans, London, 1886
  • Godwin, G. N. (1918). The Civil War in and around Winchester. Winchester, England: Winchester Observer & County News. ISBN 978-0-946525-82-9. Note: isbn from facsimile edition Partizan, Leigh-on-Sea, 1991
  • Memoirs of Colonel John Birch, London: Camden Society, 1st ed., 1846.
  • Rodgers, Hugh Cuthbert Basset (1969). Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars: 1642–1651. London: Seeley Service & Co. Ltd. OCLC 251942844.
  • Royle, Trevor, Civil Wars: The War of Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660 (Abacus, new ed., 2005) ISBN 0349115648
  • Spring, Laurence (1997). The Battle of Cheriton 1644. English Civil War battles series. Bristol, England: Stuart Press. ISBN 978-1-85804-103-2. Note: 27-page pamphlet
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