Battle of Columbus (1916)

The Battle of Columbus (Burning of Columbus or the Columbus Raid), March 9, 1916, began as a raid conducted by Pancho Villa's Division of the North on the small United States border town of Columbus, New Mexico, located 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the border. The raid escalated into a full-scale battle between Villistas and the United States Army.

Battle of Columbus
Columbus, after the battle
Date March 9, 1916 Location Columbus, New Mexico, United States 31°49′51″N 107°38′30″W Result American Victory[1][2] Columbus heavily damaged Villistas withdraw with heavy casualties
Belligerents
United States	Villistas
Commanders and leaders
Herbert Slocum Frank Tompkins	Pancho Villa
Strength
353[3]	484[4]
Casualties and losses
40 killed and wounded	183 killed and wounded 7 captured
15 civilians killed

Staging area in Columbus for truck trains that supplied troops of General John J. Pershing during the Pancho Villa Expedition.

Herbert Jermain Slocum circa 1915

Villa himself led the assault, only to be driven back into Mexico by elements of the 13th Cavalry Regiment stationed at the town. The attack angered Americans, and President Woodrow Wilson ordered the Punitive Expedition in which the US Army invaded Mexico and defeated General Villa's troops, but failed to capture him.

Uncle Sam entering Mexico in 1916 to punish Pancho Villa.

Battle

After the 1915 Battle of Celaya, where Villa sustained his greatest defeat, the Division of the North was in a disorganised condition, wandering around northern Mexico foraging for supplies. Lacking the military supplies, money, and munitions he needed in order to pursue his war against Mexican President Venustiano Carranza,[5] Villa planned the raid and camped his army of an estimated 1,500 horsemen outside of Palomas on the border 3 miles south of Columbus, which was populated by about 300 Americans and about as many Mexicans that had fled north from the advancing Villistas.[6] The reasons for the raid have never been established with any certainty. An American kidnap victim travelling with the raiding party, Maude Hauke Wright, said that Villa came with 1,500 men but only attacked with about 600 because there was not enough ammunition for more raiders.[7]

At their camp, Villa sent spies into the town to assess the presence of U.S. military personnel. When the returning spies told him that only about thirty soldiers garrisoned Columbus (a significant error), Villa moved north and crossed the border about midnight. The garrison came from the 13th Cavalry Regiment usually stationed at Calvary Camp Columbus, which was located immediately south of downtown and consisted of the headquarters troop, machine gun troop, and four of the seven rifle troops deployed to patrol the border, totaling in all 12 officers and 341 men, of which approximately 270 were combat troops. On this night, half were out of camp on patrol or other assignments [3]

Villa divided his force into two columns, most of which approached the town on foot, and launched a two-pronged attack on the town in the dark at 4:15 am on March 9. The town's population was asleep, along with most of the garrison, when they entered Columbus from the west and southeast shouting "Viva Villa! Viva Mexico!" and other phrases. The townspeople awoke to an army of Villistas burning their settlement and looting their homes. The commander of the 13th Cavalry was Colonel Herbert Jermain Slocum.[8] He had been advised the day before, from three conflicting reports from Mexican sources, that Villa and his soldiers were on the move, possibly against Columbus. One warning was given by Juan Favela, the foreman of a ranch near Palomas (3 miles south in Mexico), who had seen them headed north the day before the attack. Amidst many such reports that had proved false, the warning was ignored as unreliable, although the troop at the Border Gate was reinforced and all three troops in the field were ordered to step up patrolling of the 65-mile long border. However, U.S. soldiers were forbidden to reconnoiter inside Mexico and thus unable to check reports of Villa's whereabouts.

Despite being taken by surprise, the Americans quickly recovered. Soon after the attack began, 2nd Lt. John P. Lucas, commanding the 13th Cavalry's machine gun troop, made his way barefooted from his quarters to the camp's barracks. He organized a hasty defense around the camp's guard tent, where his troop's machine guns were kept under lock, with two men and a Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun. He was soon joined by the remainder of his unit and 30 troopers armed with M1903 Springfield rifles led by 2nd Lt. Horace Stringfellow, Jr. The troop's four machine guns fired more than 5,000 rounds apiece during a 90-minute fight, their targets illuminated by fires of burning buildings.[9] In addition, many of the townspeople were armed with rifles and shotguns.

Villa's men looted and burned several houses and commercial buildings, fighting civilians that were defending their homes. It is not known if Villa was with the raiding party at any time. However, it is known that during most of the battle, Villa, his commanders, and about two dozen other men took up position on Cootes Hill overlooking Columbus where they could observe the action and where some of Villa's men acted as sharpshooters to fire upon the town. The Villistas fought the pursuing American troops and civilians until a bugler sounded the order to retreat. Major Frank Tompkins, commanding the regiment's 3rd Squadron and acting as its executive officer, asked and received permission from Slocum to pursue the withdrawing Mexicans. Disregarding the rules of engagement, he led two troops 15 miles into Mexico in pursuit of a force approximately six times the size of his, engaged Villa's rearguard four times, and inflicted some losses on them before withdrawing back across the border after running low on ammunition and water. Tompkins was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Distinguished Service Cross in 1918 for this action.[10]

List of American dead and wounded

Killed

United States military:

Sergeant Mark A. Dobbs

Sergeant John G. Nievergelt

Sergeant Joe Parsay[11]

Corporal Harry E. Wiswell

Farrier Frank R. Kindvall

Private Thomas F. Butler [Died of wounds]

Private Fred A. Griffin

Private Paul Simon

Private Jesse P. Taylor (Died of wounds at Fort Bliss)

Civilians:

W.A. Davidson (Texas National Guardsman)

James Todd Dean

H.M. Hart

Milton James

Mrs. Milton James (with unborn child)

J.J. Moore

Charles C. Miller

Charles Dewitt Miller[12]

A.L. Ritchie

John Walton Walker

W.R. Walker

In addition, three civilians killed prior to raid by Villa's forces:[13]

William O Corbett

Arthur McKinney

James O Neill

Wounded

Military:

Captain George Williams [Adjutant][14]

Lt. C.C. Benson Troop G

Michael Barmazel Machine Gun Troop

Theodore Kalorke Troop L

John Keogh Troop G

John Yarbrough Troop K

Jesse Verner Troop M

Civilians:

M.Puche:

Mrs.J.J. Moore:

Aftermath

Wanted poster from the Chief of Police of Columbus, for the capture of the Mexican revolutionary officers that led the Mexican troops in the Battle of Columbus.

On March 9, 1916, after the attack, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Newton Diehl Baker, Jr. to fill the vacant position of United States Secretary of War.

In spite of Villa proclaiming that the raid was a success by evidence of captured arms and equipment from the camp, which included over 300 rifles and shotguns, 80 horses, and 30 mules, the raid was a tactical disaster for him with ill-afforded casualties of 90 to 170 dead[15] from an original force that had numbered 484 men,[4][16] including at least 63 killed in action and at least seven more who later died from wounds during the raid itself.[17] Of those captured during the raid, seven were tried; of those, one sentence was commuted to life in prison; and six were convicted and executed by hanging. Two were hanged on June 9, 1916; four were hanged on June 30, 1916.[18] The sixty-three dead Villa soldiers and all the dead Villa horses that were left behind in Columbus after the raid were dragged south of the stockyards, soaked with kerosene and burned. Various official reports state that the American dead included 8 or 10 or 11 soldiers and 7 or 8 civilians and the names on the lists are not consistent.

The United States government wasted no time in responding. National Guard units from around the United States were called up and by the end of August 1916 over 100,000 troops were on the border. The Battle of Columbus resulted in the creation of the Punitive Expedition led by General John J. Pershing to track down and capture or kill Villa or disperse the attackers. In the operation, the Army used Curtiss Jenny airplanes for reconnaissance and trucks to carry supplies (both firsts for the Army). They scoured portions of northern Mexico for six months but Villa was not found. In January 1917, with the United States likely to enter World War I soon, and under intense diplomatic pressure from the Mexican government, these troops were withdrawn from Mexico.

In commemoration of Pancho Villa's attack on Columbus, the State of New Mexico Parks Commission established Pancho Villa Historical Park and its museum in Columbus, near Cootes Hill across the Palomas road from the site of Camp Furlong.[19]

See also

• Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong, a U.S. National Historic Landmark District

References

1. "Britannica, Battle of Columbus". Retrieved April 26, 2020.
2. "Buffalo soldiers at Huachuca: Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico. Brigham Young University". Retrieved April 26, 2020.
3. Tompkins, Col. Frank (1934, 1996). Chasing Villa: The Last Campaign of the U.S. Cavalry, High-Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico. ISBN 0-944383-39-4, p. 44
4. Louis Sadler, New Mexico State University, in forward to 1996 reprint of Chasing Villa. Pershing's report gave the figure as 485.
5. Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: Villa's Raid on Columbus! New Mexico
6. "Columbus N.M., Scene of Early Morning Attack". Library of Congress. Bisbee Daily Review. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
7. Associated Press (March 11, 1916). "Waiting for baby, woman held by villa says he is expecting Germany and Japan to step it". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pa. ISSN 2376-3442. OCLC 12396379. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
8. "Slocum Blameless For Columbus Raid. Secretary of War Announces No Stigma Rests on Conduct of Post Commander. Inspector Makes Report. Funston Says Mexican Scout Misled Colonel. Pershing Defends His Subordinate". The New York Times. August 1, 1916. Retrieved December 20, 2013. Colonel H. J. Slocum of the Thirteenth Cavalry has been exonerated by the Secretary of War of blame in connection with Francisco Villa's raid on Columbus, N.M., last March. Colonel Slocum was in command of the American troops stationed at Columbus, and there has been a great deal of unofficial criticism of the apparent circumstance that his forces were surprised by the Villistas. ...
9. Tompkins, pp. 50-52.
10. "Valor awards for Frank Tompkins | Military Times Hall of Valor". Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
11. Bisbee daily review., March 10, 1916, Image 1 accessed June 7, 2019
12. Note sometimes listed as a "Unidentified Chauffeur" who had a car with El Paso license plates; see The Cordova daily times., March 10, 1916, Image 1 accessed June 7, 2019; in fact he had bought the car in El Paso prior to his death see El Paso herald., March 10, 1916, HOME EDITION, Image 1 accessed June 7, 2019
13. The West Virginian., March 10, 1916, Page 12, Image 12
14. New-York tribune., March 10, 1916, Page 2, Image 2
15. Pershing's report on the Punitive Expedition listed 90 killed on March 9. Tompkins reported 67 found dead in the town and from 75 to 100 killed in the pursuit. Other histories place the Villista killed variously in the 70 to 80 range.
16. James W. Hurst: Pancho Villa and Black Jack Pershing. The Punitive Expedition in Mexico. Praeger Publishers, Westport 2008, ISBN 978-0-313-35004-7, S. 21-30.
17. Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico
18. James W. Hurst, The Villista Prisoners of 1916-17 Yucca Tree Press (Las Cruces, NM 2000)
19. Montfort, Bill. "Pancho Villa State RV Park" Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine on the Columbus, New Mexico website

Further reading

• Braddy, Haldeen (1965) Pancho Villa at Columbus Texas Western College Press, El Paso, Texas, OCLC 2235175
• De Quesada, Alejandro (2012) The Hunt For Pancho Villa; The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition 1916-17. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Raid Series #29. ISBN 978-1-84908-568-7
• Finley, James P. (1993) "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: Villa's Raid on Columbus"] Huachuca Illustrated: a magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum Vol. 1, Part 12 online
• Katz, Friedrich. "Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico," American Historical Review 83#1 (1978), pp. 101–130 in JSTOR
• Rakocy, Bill (1981) Villa raids Columbus, N.Mex., March 9, 1916 Bravo Press, El Paso, Texas, OCLC 7629090
• White, E. Bruce and Francisco Villa, "The Muddied Waters of Columbus, New Mexico," The Americas 32#1 (July 1975), pp. 72–98 in JSTOR
• List of Americans Killed and Wounded in Raid of Mexican Bandits at Columbus, N.M., The New York Times, March 10, 1916, p. 1.
• Investigation of Mexican Affairs - Hearing Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations - 66th Congress, 1st Session - United States Senate, , U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 858 and 860.