Battle of Kumegawa

The Battle of Kumegawa (久米川の戦い, Kumegawa no tatakai) was part of the decisive Kōzuke-Musashi Campaign during the Genkō War in Japan that ultimately ended the Kamakura Shogunate. Fought in present-day Higashimurayama, Tokyo at the foot of the Hachikokuyama ridge on May 12, 1333, it pitted the anti-shogunate imperial forces led by Nitta Yoshisada against the forces of the pro-Shogunate Hōjō Regency led by Sakurada Sadakuni. The battle was an immediate follow on from the previous day's nearby Battle of Kotesashi.

Battle of Kumegawa
Part of the Kamakura period
Site of Kumegawa Battlefield (2008) which is now a suburb of Tokyo. Nitta Yoshisada had this vantage point during the battle some 675 years prior.
Date May 12, 1333 Location Kumegawa, present-day Higashimurayama, Tokyo Japan 35°46′23.15″N 139°28′03″E Result Victory for the Imperial Forces
Belligerents
Forces loyal to the Kamakura Shogunate	Forces loyal to the Emperor Go-Daigo
Commanders and leaders
Sakurada Sadakuni[1]	Nitta Yoshisada

The Setting

The region from the east side of the Sayama Hills through the Yanagase River was the field of several battles during Japan's Sengoku period. The battlefield was regarded as strategically important because it was on the old road linking the provincial capital of Musashi Province with the capital of Kōzuke Province and it was also the halfway point between the Iruma and Tama rivers.[2]

The battle

At dawn on May 12, the Imperial forces advanced upon the Shogunate forces' position at the Kume River (久米川, Kumegawa)[3] via the Kamakura Kaidō highway. Since the previous day's battle at Kotesashi was indecisive, both sides had expected the battle to continue. The chosen battlefield was a plain crisscrossed by small rivers and bordered by low-lying ridges. The geography gave the mounted warriors room to maneuver with their commanders overlooking the battle from the surrounding ridges such as where Nitta Yoshisada raised his banner at Hachikokuyama.

The Taiheiki chronicles the events. The Shogunate forces formed a large mass with intention of encompassing the Imperial forces. The Imperial forces formed a wedge to protect its center. With neither side gaining immediate advantage, the battle continued until losses forced the Shōgun's forces to retreat. Losses were reported as relatively light for the Imperial forces but heavy for the Shōgun's.[4]

Result

The result was a victory for the Imperial forces; having grown weary from two days of heavy fighting, they rested at the battlefield. The Shogunate forces retreated south to Bubaigawara to await reinforcements.[5]

Aftermath

The two armies fought again three days later at Bubaigawara and Sekido. In less than one week, Nitta led the Imperial forces 50 kilometers south and finally eliminated the Shōgun's forces during the Siege of Kamakura.[6]

The area was later a battlefield in 1335 during the Nakasendai Rebellion and the War of Uesugi Zenshu in 1416-1417.[7]

References

• McCullough, Helen Craig (1959). "The Taiheiki. A Chronicle of Medieval Japan." 1959. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, ISBN 978-0-8048-3538-1.
• Sansom, George (1963). "A history of Japan 1334-1615." Eight Printing (1993). Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, ISBN 4-8053-0375-1
• Papinot, E. (1910). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan. 1972 Printing. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, ISBN 0-8048-0996-8.
• On site historical signage

Notes

1. Painot, E (1910) p. 314 and McCullough, Helen Craig (1959) p. 280
2. On site historical signage
3. The exact location of the Kume River is not known as it does not appear on modern maps. Rather, there is an area on the border of Saitama and Tokyo named Kume River (久米川, Kumegawa) where the battle was fought. There is more than one river that runs through this area.
4. McCullough, Helen Craig (1959): pp. 274-285.
5. McCullough, Helen Craig (1959): pp. 274-285.
6. Sansom, George (1963): pp. 18-21
7. On site historical signage