Battle of Martinique (1780)

The Battle of Martinique, also known as the Combat de la Dominique, took place on 17 April 1780 during the American Revolutionary War in the West Indies between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy.

Battle of Martinique
Part of The American Revolutionary War
Combat de la Dominique, 17 Avril 1780, by Auguste Louis de Rossel de Cercy (1736–1804)
Date 17 April 1780 Location Off Martinique, West Indies Result Indecisive[1][2][3]
Belligerents
Great Britain	France
Commanders and leaders
Sir George Rodney	Comte de Guichen
Strength
20 ships of the line	23 ships of the line
Casualties and losses
120 killed 354 wounded	222 killed 537 wounded

Origins

In January 1780, the Comte de Guichen was sent to the French base at Martinique in the West Indies with a large squadron. He was opposed by the British admiral Sir George Rodney, who reached the British base at St. Lucia in late March.

Guichen sailed from Martinique on 13 April 1780, with a fleet of 23 ships of the line and 3,000 troops. His objective was to draw Rodney out, and then withdraw and make an attack on either St. Lucia or the British base at Barbados. Rodney sailed out at once upon being informed that Guichen had sailed. On 16 April, his sentinels spotted Guichen on the leeward side of Martinique, beating against the wind. Rodney gave chase, but was unable to close in time for battle that day. Rodney maintained contact with Guichen and held his line throughout the night.

Battle

The fleets began manoeuvring for the advantage of the weather gage on the morning of 17 April. By 8:45, Rodney had reached a position to the windward of Guichen, in a relatively close formation. To escape the danger to his rear, Guichen ordered his line to wear and sail to the north, stringing out the line in the process. This forced Rodney to go through another series of manoeuvres to regain his position, which he did by late morning. At this point, he hoped to engage the rear and centre of Guichen's elongated line, concentrating his power to maximize damage there before Guichen's van could join the action. The signal that Rodney issued was for each ship to engage the appropriate ship it was paired with according to the disposition of the two fleets. He issued this signal with the understanding that his captains would execute it in the context of signals given earlier in the day that the enemy's rear was the target of the attack.[4]

Unfortunately for the British, Robert Carkett (the commander of the lead ship HMS Stirling Castle) either misunderstood the signal or had forgotten the earlier one, and moved ahead to engage Guichen's van; he was followed by the rest of Rodney's fleet, and the two lines ended up engaging ship to ship.

View of the battle by Thomas Luny.

Thanks to the orderly fashion in which De Guichen's subordinate squadron-commanders dealt with the crisis, especially the third-in-command Comte de Grasse's rapid closing-up of the battle-line, Guichen managed to extricate himself from a difficult situation and instead turn a narrow defeat to a drawn battle, although his and Marquis de Bouillé's objective to attack and seize Jamaica was thwarted.[4]

During the battle, both Rodney's Sandwich and Guichen's Couronne were temporarily cut off from their respective fleets and bore the brunt of the battle.

Aftermath

Rodney felt that the failure to properly attack the French rear cost the British an opportunity for a significant victory, and assessed blame to Carkett and others who did not properly follow his signals. Others assigned the blame to Rodney, for failing to inform his captains in advance of his intended tactics.

David Hannay, the author of the biography on the Comte de Guichen in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, stated that Guichen had shown himself very skillful in handling a fleet throughout the campaign, and although there was no marked success, he had at least prevented the British admiral from doing any harm to the French islands in the Antilles.[4]

Both fleets avoided further action prior to the hurricane season. Guichen returned to France with many of his damaged ships in August, and Rodney sailed for New York.

Order of battle

British fleet

Ship Name	Guns	Commander	Notes
Sandwich	90	Admiral Sir George Rodney Walter Young
Princess Royal	98	Rear-Admiral Hyde Parker Harry Harmood
Torbay	74	John Lewis Gidoin
Cornwall	74	Timothy Edwards
Terrible	74	John Leigh Douglas
Albion	74	George Bowyer
Suffolk	74	Abraham Crespin
Magnificent	74	John Elphinstone
Elizabeth	74	Frederick Maitland
Resolution	74	Lord Robert Manners
Grafton	74	Thomas Newnham
Conqueror	74	Thomas Watson
Vengeance	74	John Holloway
Alfred	74	William Bayne
Montagu	74	John Houlton
Ajax	74	Samuel Uvedale
Yarmouth	64	Nathaniel Bateman
Trident	64	John Thomas
Intrepid	64	The Hon. Henry St John†	CO Killed
Stirling Castle	64	Robert Carkett
Vigilant	64	Sir George Home
Medway	60	William Affleck
Centurion	50	Samuel Wittewronge Clayton
Venus	36	James Ferguson
Andromeda	28	Henry Byrne
Greyhound	28	Archibald Dickson
Pegasus	28	John Bazely
Deal Castle	20	William Fooks

French fleet

Admiral Guichen's fleet [5]
Division	Ship	Guns	Commander	Casualties			Notes
				Killed	Wounded	Total
Escadre bleue et blanche
	Destin	74	Dumaitz de Goimpy
	Vengeur	64	Retz [6]
	Saint Michel	60	Chevalier d'Aymar
	Pluton	74	La Marthonie[7]
	Triomphant	80	Sade de Vaudronne (chef d'escadre) Gras-Préville (flag captain)				Flag
	Souverain	74	Glandevès du Castellet
	Solitaire	64	Cicé-Champion
	Citoyen	74	Poute de Nieuil[8]
Escadre blanche
	Caton	64	Framond
	Victoire	74	Albert de Saint-Hippolyte
	Fendant	74	Vaudreuil (Chef d'escadre)
	Couronne	80	Guichen (Lieutenant général) Buor de La Charoulière (flag captain) [9]				Fleet flagship
	Palmier	74	Monteil
	Indien	64	De la Cour de Balleroy[10]
	Actionnaire	64	Gilart de Larchantel [11]
Escadre bleue
	Intrépide	74	Parscau du Plessix
	Triton	64	Boades
	Magnifique	74	Brach [12]
	Robuste	74	De Grasse (Chef d'escadre)				Squadron flagship
	Sphinx	74	Pâris de Soulanges [13]
	Artésien	64	Thomassin de Peynier[14]
	Hercule	74	Renart d'Amblimont

Sources and references

Notes

Citations

1. Jaques p.639
2. Sweetman p.146
3. Botta p.57
4. Hannay 1911, p. 686.
5. Troude (1867), p. 71.
6. Contenson (1934), p. 167.
7. Rouxel, Jean-Christophe. "Joseph Léon de La MARTHONIE". Parcours de vie dans la Royale. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
8. Contenson (1934), p. 235.
9. Taillemite (1982), p. 51.
10. Contenson (1934), p. 135.
11. Naval History Division (2013), p. 925.
12. Naval History Division (2013), p. 877.
13. Naval History Division (2013), p. 978.
14. Contenson (1934), p. 243.

References

• Botta, Carlo (1813). Histoire de la guerre de l'indépendance des États-Unis d'Amérique (in French). 4. Paris: J.G. Dentu. OCLC 681269298.
• Contenson, Ludovic (1934). La Société des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d'Amérique (1778-1783). Paris: éditions Auguste Picard. OCLC 7842336.
• Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O (in French). Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9. OCLC 643153887.
• Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1905). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion. OCLC 763372623.
• Palmer, Michael (2005). Command at sea: naval command and control since the sixteenth century. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674016811. OCLC 909489801.
• Sweetman, Jack (1997). The great admirals: command at sea, 1587-1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1. OCLC 831209070.
• Taillemite, Étienne (1982). Dictionnaire des Marins français. Paris: Éditions maritimes et d'Outre-Mer. ISBN 9782707000316. OCLC 239744936.
• Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). 2. Challamel ainé. OCLC 836362484.
• Naval History Division (2013). Naval Documents of the American Revolution: American Theater: Apr. 1, 1778–May 31, 1778; European Theater: Apr. 1, 1778–May 31, 1778 (PDF). 12. United States.

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Guichen, Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, Comte de". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 686–687.