Battle of Picenum

The Battle of Picenum was one of the major battles of the Third Servile War, between the slave army of Spartacus and the combined consular forces of the Roman Republic led by the two consuls Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. It took place in Picenum region in 72 BC. It was a victory for Spartacus, and it proved to be his greatest triumph of the war.

Battle of Picenum
Part of the Third Servile War
Map showing the movement of the slave army of Spartacus and those of the Roman forces. Part 4 was the Battle of Picenum.
Date 72 BC Location Within Picenum region, Italia, Roman Republic (present-day Marche region, Italy) Result Spartacan victory[1]
Belligerents
Rebel army composed mostly of freed slaves and gladiators	Roman Republic
Commanders and leaders
Spartacus	Lucius Gellius Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus
Strength
120,000[2]	~20,000
Casualties and losses
unknown	unknown, but heavy

Background

The slave revolt in southern Italy that was initiated by the former gladiator Spartacus along with other slave leaders in 73 BC was at first given little regard by the Senate. However, as the rebels kept piling upon piling on victories in battle since their first major victory at the Battle of Mons Vesuvius, wiping out small Roman army units and garrisons as they went, the Senate was considerable alarmed that they finally sent consular and legate armies south to crush the revolt. This endeavor initially succeeded, with the consul Gellius leading an army to crush a rebel force led by Spartacus' colleague Crixus at the Battle of Mons Garganus in Gargano which also led to Crixus' death.[3] With the word of Crixus' defeat having reached him, Spartacus had the 300 Roman prisoners that he held captive to fight each other to the death in a manner similar to the gladiatorial combats as revenge for and in honor of Crixus.

Spartacus then marched northward from his base in central Apulia via the Apennines towards Cisalpine Gaul, probably in the intent to plunder the rich harvests of the region to feed his huge slave army of 70,000[4] and hopefully turn the cities there against Rome. Gellius then maneuvered at the rear of Spartacus' army and also moved northwards, while another force led by the other consul Lentulus attempted to block the enemy advance from the far north. But the operation by the two consuls ended in a fiasco when Spartacus rapidly ordered an attack on Lentulus' force and defeated it and then turned to the rear against Gellius and similarly defeated it; both consular armies retreated in disorder in different directions.

As Spartacus marched on, many escaped slaves and gladiators as well as deserters and disenchanted peasants from nearby towns continue to join his cause increasing the size of his army to 120,000 men.[5] Spartacus then made the decision to march directly on Rome itself to force the issue, having beforehand burnt all material deemed useless, killed all prisoners, and butchered his pack-animals to maximize the movement of his force.[6] Meanwhile, the two consuls, Gellius and Lentulis, returned to Rome with the remainder of their forces, regrouping and enlarging their legions. The consuls then decided to combine their forces and intercept Spartacus' army.

Battle

Spartacus and his slave army was maneuvering around the Apennines to get to Rome, while the combined consular army led by Gellius and Lentulus was on its way to meet the rebels. The two sides finally met at Picenum. Once again, with the numbers on his side, Spartacus spectacularly defeated and inflicted heavy losses on the combined consular army, which then retreated to Rome in disorder for the second time. Spartacus now experienced the greatest victory of his military career, having routed and crushed two large consular armies in a single battle.[7][8] The battle at Picenum, while it was the most spectacular victory of Spartacus' slave army, would prove to be the gravest Roman defeat of the war.[9][10]

Aftermath

With his triumph at Picenum, Spartacus was poised to finally march on Rome and afterwards his army were just a few kilometers northeast of the city. But as the routed remnants of the combined consular armies reached Rome just in time, Spartacus finally came to the realization that he was not yet ready for the finally battle on the city, considering that his motley army was not yet suitably armed for such an operation. Despite marching for hundreds of kilometers across Italy, aside from bands of escapees and criminals, no city had yet joined his cause. He then withdrew back to southern Italy, taking the town of Thurii and the surrounding countryside, and trading plunder with merchants for bronze and iron for manufacture of more weapons. Meanwhile, several Roman forces were sent south to deal with the rebels and were repeatedly defeated by the same.[11]

It would be the next year in 71 BC when the Senate finally realized the grave danger on the Republic posed by the slave rebellion led by Spartacus which for them seemed unstoppable, that the two Roman consuls were dismissed as commanders to give way for a new leadership under Marcus Licinius Crassus. From there, the war will finally take its turn to another direction.

References

1. Holmes, pgs. 386-387; Broughton, pg. 115
2. The Histories by Appian; "The Civil Wars". 1:117
3. Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117; Plutarch, Crassus 9:7; Livy, Periochae 96. Livy reports that troops under the (former) praetor Quintus Arrius killed Crixus and 20,000 of his followers.
4. The Histories by Appian; "The Civil Wars". 1:117
5. The Histories by Appian; "The Civil Wars". 1:117
6. The Histories by Appian; "The Civil Wars". 1:117
7. The Histories by Appian; "The Civil Wars". 1:117
8. Holmes, pgs. 386-387; Broughton, pg. 115
9. "Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion". Historynet.com. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
10. Shaw, Brent D. (2001). Spartacus and the servile wars: a brief history with documents. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23703-5.
11. The Histories by Appian; "The Civil Wars". 1:117

• T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952).