Battle of Yamazaki

Battle of Yamazaki
Date	July 2, 1582
Location	Yamazaki, Yamashiro province, Japan
Result	Decisive Hideyoshi victory;; begins his consolidation of power
Belligerents
Forces of Akechi Mitsuhide	Forces of Oda clan
Commanders and leaders
Akechi Mitsuhide; Akechi Hidemitsu; Akechi Mitsuyoshi; Saito Toshimitsu; Saitō Toshikazu; Matsuda Masachika; Ise Sadaoki; Abe Sadamasa; Shibata Katsusada; Tsuda Nobuharu; Murakami Kiyokuni; Nabika Kamon; Toda Yukimasa; Mimaki Kaneaki; Suwa Morinao; Horio Shobei	Hashiba Hideyoshi; Oda Nobutaka; Niwa Nagahide; Horio Yoshiharu; Ikeda Tsuneoki; Kato Mitsuyasu; Takayama Ukon; Nakagawa Kiyohide; Hashiba Hidenaga; Kuroda Yoshitaka; Hori Hidemasa; Ikoma Chikamasa; Nakamura Kazuuji; Kimura Shigeori; Mikoda Masaharu
Strength
10,000～16,000	20,000～40,000
Casualties and losses
3,000 killed	3,300 killed

The Battle of Yamazaki (山崎の戦い, Yamazaki no tatakai) was fought in 1582 in Yamazaki, Japan, located in current-day Kyoto Prefecture. This battle is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Mt. Tennō (天王山の戦い Tennō-zan no tatakai).

In the Honnō-ji Incident, Akechi Mitsuhide, a retainer of Oda Nobunaga, attacked Nobunaga as he rested in Honnō-ji, and forced him to commit seppuku. Mitsuhide then took over Nobunaga's power and authority around the Kyoto area. Thirteen days later, Oda's forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi met Mitsuhide at Yamazaki and defeated him, avenging his lord (Nobunaga) and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself.

Background

War Council Before the Battle of Yamazaki by Sadahide (1807-1873)

When Nobunaga died, Hideyoshi was busy fighting the Mōri clan in the Siege of Takamatsu. After betraying and defeating Nobunaga at Honnō-ji, Mitsuhide sent a letter to the Mōri. The letter contained a request for an alliance to crush Hideyoshi, but the letter's messenger was intercepted by Hideyoshi's forces and the plot was revealed.[1]

Great Chugoku retreat

Upon hearing news that Nobunaga had been killed, and that Akechi Mitsuhide had taken command of his possessions, Hashiba Hideyoshi immediately negotiated a peace treaty with the Mōri by demanding the seppuku of Shimizu Muneharu from Takamatsu, and remained careful to keep Nobunaga's death a secret. Once the treaty was secured, on 25 June hideyoshi's forces retreat from Chugoku region and led his troops on a forced march towards Kyoto, covering up to 40 km a day, spending the night at his Himeji Castle, and reaching Amagasaki on 29 June. Niwa Nagahide and Oda Nobutaka joined him as he passed through Osaka.[1]

Prelude

Akechi Mitsuhide controlled two castles (Shōryūji and Yodo) in the Yamazaki region. Learning of the size of Hideyoshi's army and not wanting to be caught inside a castle with his force divided, Mitsuhide resolved to prepare for battle somewhere to the south. Due to its position between a river and a mountain, Yamazaki provided Mitsuhide with choke points that could ease the number of enemies his forces would have to face at any one time.[1]^:27

Meanwhile, Hideyoshi decided that a wooded area called Mount Tennōzan, just outside the town of Yamazaki, was key to strategic control of the road to Kyoto. He sent a detachment under Nakagawa Kiyohide to secure this area, while he led the majority of the army to Yamazaki himself. His forces took over the mountain and gained a significant advantage.[1]^:27[2]

Mitsuhide arranged his army behind a small river (the Enmyōji-gawa), which provided an excellent defensive position. On the night of 1 July, Hideyoshi generals Nakamura Kazuuji and Horio Yoshiharu sent a number of ninja into the Mitsuhide camp, setting fire to buildings and generally causing fear and confusion.[1]^:27,29

The Battle

On the following morning, the main fighting began as Hideyoshi's men began to form up along the opposite shore of the Enmyōji-gawa from the enemy, and a portion of Mitsuhide's samurai, led by Matsuda Masachika and Nabika Kamon, crossed the river, seeking to make their way up the wooded Tennōzan hill. They were driven back by arquebus fire, and so Hideyoshi felt confident enough to launch the right wing of his forces, under the command of Kato Mitsuyasu and Ikeda Tsuneoki, across the river, and into Mitsuhide's front lines. They made some progress, and were soon joined by the left wing, with support from atop Mount Tennōzan. The majority of Mitsuhide's men fled, with the exception of the 200 men under Mimaki Kaneaki, who charged and were destroyed by Hideyoshi's larger force.[1]^:29[2]

Soon, panic set in among the Akechi army, and Hideyoshi's army chased them back to Shōryūji, where the garrison collapsed. Mitsuhide himself fled much further, to the town of Ogurusu, where he was killed by a gang of bandits.[1]^:29

In popular culture

The Battle of Yamazaki is the final stage of Akechi Mitsuhide in Samurai Warriors and the first stage of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Samurai Warriors 2. It also features as a campaign map in The Conquerors expansion of the real-time strategy game Age of Empires II.

The battle is also the basis for the Sonny Chiba martial arts film Shogun's Ninja.

References

Turnbull, Stephen (2010). Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 23-27. ISBN 9781846039607.
Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 275–279. ISBN 9781854095237.