Benjamin West

Benjamin West PRA (October 10, 1738 – March 11, 1820) was an American-born artist, who painted famous historical scenes such as The Death of Nelson, The Death of General Wolfe, and Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky.

For other people named Benjamin West, see Benjamin West (disambiguation).

Benjamin West
Self Portrait of Benjamin West, c. 1763
Born(1738-10-10)October 10, 1738
Springfield, Province of Pennsylvania
DiedMarch 11, 1820(1820-03-11) (aged 81)
London, United Kingdom
Known forHistorical painting
Patron(s)William Henry
King George III

Entirely self-taught, West soon gained valuable patronage, and he toured Europe, eventually settling in London. He impressed George III and was largely responsible for the launch of the Royal Academy, of which he became the second president (after Sir Joshua Reynolds). He was appointed historical painter to the court and Surveyor of the King's Pictures.

West also painted religious subjects, as in his huge work The Preservation of St Paul after a Shipwreck at Malta, at the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul in Greenwich, and Christ Healing the Sick, presented to the National Gallery.

Early life
House that Benjamin West was born in, drawn by John Sartain in 1837
External video
Introducing Benjamin West, Royal Academy of Art[1]
Lecture 7. Benjamin West's Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, 57:08, Yale University

West was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, in a house that is now in the borough of Swarthmore on the campus of Swarthmore College,[2] as the tenth child of an innkeeper and his wife. The family later moved to Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, where his father was the proprietor of the Square Tavern, still standing in that town. West told the novelist John Galt, with whom, late in his life, he collaborated on a memoir, The Life and Studies of Benjamin West (1816, 1820) that, when he was a child, Native Americans showed him how to make paint by mixing some clay from the river bank with bear grease in a pot. Benjamin West was an autodidact; while excelling at the arts, "he had little [formal] education and, even when president of the Royal Academy, could scarcely spell".[3] One day his mother left him alone with his little sister Sally. Benjamin discovered some bottles of ink and began to paint Sally's portrait. When his mother came home, she noticed the painting, picked it up and said, “Why, it’s Sally!” and kissed him. Later, he noted, "My mother's kiss made me a painter."[4]

Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky c. 1816 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art

From 1746 to 1759, West worked in Pennsylvania, mostly painting portraits. While West was in Lancaster in 1756, his patron, a gunsmith named William Henry, encouraged him to paint a Death of Socrates based on an engraving in Charles Rollin's Ancient History. His resulting composition, which significantly differs from the source, has been called "the most ambitious and interesting painting produced in colonial America".[5] Dr William Smith, then the provost of the College of Philadelphia, saw the painting in Henry's house and decided to become West's patron, offering him education and, more importantly, connections with wealthy and politically connected Pennsylvanians. During this time West met John Wollaston, a famous painter who had immigrated from London. West learned Wollaston's techniques for painting the shimmer of silk and satin, and also adopted some of "his mannerisms, the most prominent of which was to give all his subjects large almond-shaped eyes, which clients thought very chic".[6]

West was a close friend of Benjamin Franklin, whose portrait he painted. Franklin was the godfather of West's second son, Benjamin.

Italian "Grand Tour"

Sponsored by Smith and William Allen, then reputed to be the wealthiest man in Philadelphia, West traveled to Italy in 1760 in the company of the Scot William Patoun, a painter who later became an art collector. In common with many artists, architects, and lovers of the fine arts at that time he conducted a Grand Tour. West expanded his repertoire by copying works of Italian painters such as Titian and Raphael direct from the originals. In Rome he met a number of international neo-classical artists including German-born Anton Rafael Mengs, Scottish Gavin Hamilton, and Austrian Angelica Kauffman.[7]

England
As painted by James Smith in 1770 (National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.)

In August 1763, West arrived in England,[8] on what he initially intended as a visit on his way back to America.[8] In fact, he never returned to America. He stayed for a month at Bath with William Allen, who was also in the country, and visited his half-brother Thomas West at Reading at the urging of his father. In London he was introduced to Richard Wilson and his student Joshua Reynolds.[9] He moved into a house in Bedford Street, Covent Garden. The first picture he painted in England Angelica and Medora, along with a portrait of General Monckton,[10] and his Cymon and Iphigenia, painted in Rome, were shown at the exhibition in Spring Gardens in 1764.

In 1765 he married Elizabeth Shewell, an American to whom he became engaged in Philadelphia, at St Martin-in-the-Fields.[11]

Dr Markham, then Headmaster of Westminster School, introduced West to Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke,[12] Thomas Newton, Bishop of Bristol, James Johnson, Bishop of Worcester, and Robert Hay Drummond, Archbishop of York. All three prelates commissioned work from him.[13] In 1766 West proposed a scheme to decorate St Paul's Cathedral with paintings. It was rejected by the Bishop of London, but his idea of painting an altarpiece for St Stephen Walbrook was accepted.[14] At around this time he also received acclaim for his classical subjects, such as Orestes and Pylades and The Continence of Scipio.[14][15]

As painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1783–84

Benjamin West was known in England as the "American Raphael". His Raphaelesque painting of Archangel Michael Binding the Devil is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[16] He said that "Art is the representation of human beauty, ideally perfect in design, graceful and noble in attitude."[17]

Royal patronage

Drummond tried to raise subscriptions to fund an annuity for West, so that he could give up portraiture and devote himself entirely to more ambitious compositions. Having failed in this, he tried—with greater success—to convince King George III to patronise West.[18] West was soon on good terms with the king, and the two men conducted long discussions on the state of art in England, including the idea of the establishment of a Royal Academy.[19] The academy came into being in 1768, with West one of the primary leaders of an opposition group formed out of the existing Society of Artists of Great Britain. In the same year, he was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society.[20] Joshua Reynolds was its first president. In a story related by Henry Angelo I (1756–1835) in his book of reminiscences, the actor David Garrick, who was a friend of Angelo's father, the Italian sword master Domenico Angelo, memorably sketched for the teenaged Henry the following exchange: one day the painter Francesco Zuccarelli, on one of his visits to Domenico, got into a dispute with his fellow royal academician Johan Zoffany about the merit of West's 1769 painting The Departure of Regulus, his first commission for the king. Zuccarelli exclaimed, "Here is a painter who promises to rival Nicolas Poussin", while Zoffany tauntingly replied, "A figo for Poussin, West has already beaten him out of the field."[21]

In 1772, King George appointed him historical painter to the court[22] at an annual fee of £1,000.[11] He painted a series of eight large canvases showing exfrom the life of Edward III for St George's Hall at Windsor Castle,[23] and proposed a cycle of 36 works on the theme of "the progress of revealed religion" for a chapel at the castle, of which 28 were eventually executed.[11] He also painted nine portraits of members of the royal family,[11] including two of the king himself. He was Surveyor of the King's Pictures from 1791 until his death.

The Death of General Wolfe
The Death of General Wolfe, 1770

West painted his most famous, and possibly most influential painting, The Death of General Wolfe, in 1770 and it exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1771. The painting became one of the most frequently reproduced images of the period. It returned to the French and Indian War setting of his General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian of 1768. When the American Revolution broke out in 1776 he remained ambivalent, and neither spoke out for or against the Revolutionary War in his land of birth.

West became known for his large scale history paintings, which use expressive figures, colours and compositional schemes to help the spectator to identify with the scene represented. West called this "epic representation". His 1778 work The Battle of the Boyne portrayed William of Orange's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, and strongly influenced subsequent images of William. In 1806 he produced The Death of Nelson, to commemorate Horatio Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Later religious painting
The east window at St Paul's Church, Birmingham

St Paul's Church, in the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham, has an important enamelled stained glass east window made in 1791 by Francis Eginton, modelled on an altarpiece painted c. 1786 by West, now in the Dallas Museum of Art.[24][25] It shows the Conversion of Paul. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791.[26]

West is also well known for his huge work in the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul which now forms part of the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, London. His work, The Preservation of St Paul after a Shipwreck at Malta, measures 25 ft by 14 ft and illustrates the Acts of the Apostles: 27 & 28. West also provided the designs for the other paintings executed by Biaggio Rebecca in the chapel.

Following a loss of royal patronage at the beginning of the 19th century, West began a series of large-scale religious works. The first, Christ Healing the Sick was originally intended as a gift to Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia; instead he sold it to the British Institution for £3,000, which in turn presented it to the National Gallery.[11][27] West then made a copy to send to Philadelphia. The success of the picture led him to paint a series of even larger works, including his Death on the Pale Horse, exhibited in 1817.[11]

Royal Academy

Though initially snubbed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, founding President of the Royal Academy, and by some other Academicians who felt he was over-ambitious, West was elected President of the Royal Academy on the death of Reynolds in 1792. He resigned in 1805, to be replaced by a fierce rival, architect James Wyatt. However West was again elected president the following year, and served until his death.

Pupils

Many American artists studied under him in London, including Ralph Earl and later his son, Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, Samuel Morse, Robert Fulton, Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale, Matthew Pratt, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, Washington Allston, Thomas Sully,[28] John Green, and Abraham Delanoy.[29]

Death

West died at his house in Newman Street, London, on March 11, 1820, and was buried in St Paul's Cathedral.[11] He had been offered a knighthood by the British Crown, but declined it, believing that he should instead be made a peer.[30]

Works
  • John Sedley, view
  • Portrait of a Gentleman, view
  • Presentation of the Queen of Sheba at the Court of King Solomon, view
  • The Envoys Returning from the Promised Land, view

References
  1. "Introducing Benjamin West". Royal Academy of Art. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  2. Benjamin West Explore Pennsylvania
  3. Hughes, Robert (1997). American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 70. ISBN 0-679-42627-2
  4. p. 176 of African-American Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook, by Richard W. Leeman, 1996.
  5. Allen Staley, "Benjamin West," in Benjamin West: American Painter at the English Court (Baltimore, 1989), 28. For more on this painting, see Scott Paul Gordon, "Martial Art: Benjamin West's Death of Socrates, Colonial Politics, and the Puzzles of Patronage," William and Mary Quarterly 65, 1 (2008): 65–100.
  6. Hughes (1997), American Visions, p. 71
  7. Lister, Raymond (1989). British Romantic Painting. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521356879.
  8. Galt, vol. 2, p. 1
  9. Galt, vol. 2, p. 2
  10. Lieutenant-General The Honourable Robert Monckton
  11. Knight, Charles, ed. (1858). "West, Benjamin". The English Cyclopædia. Biography – Volume VI. London: Bradbury and Evans.
  12. Galt, vol. 2, pp. 6–7
  13. Galt, vol. 2, p. 9
  14. Galt, p. 15
  15. Now in the collections of the Tate Gallery and the Fitzwilliam Museum respectively
  16. "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings. Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  17. Shinn, Earl (1880). The World's Art from the International Exhibition. A.W. Lovering.
  18. Galt, vol. 2, p. 20
  19. Galt, vol. 2, pp. 33–34
  20. Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 2:193–200.
  21. Angelo (1828), pp. 360–61.
  22. Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art: Guide to the Collection. London: Giles. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  23. Black, Jeremy (2007). Culture in Eighteenth-Century England: A Subject for Taste. London: Continuum. p. 36. ISBN 9781852855345.
  24. "Dallas Museum of Art, accession number 1990.232". Collections.dallasmuseumofart.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  25. "St Paul's website – Features of St Paul's Church". Saintpaulbrum.org. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  26. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  27. This first version was transferred to the Tate Gallery where it was destroyed in a flood in 1928.
  28. "The Joseph Downs Collection". Winterthur Library. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  29. Richard H. Saunders; Ellen Gross Miles; National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution) (1987). American colonial portraits, 1700–1776. Published by the Smithsonian Institution Press for the National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 978-0-87474-695-2.
  30. "Benjamin West PRA (1738 - 1820)", royalacademy.org.uk. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

Sources
Cultural offices
Preceded by
Joshua Reynolds		 President of the Royal Academy
1792–1805		 Succeeded by
James Wyatt
Preceded by
James Wyatt		 President of the Royal Academy
1806–1820		 Succeeded by
Sir Thomas Lawrence
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