Big Four-class ocean liners

The Big Four-class ocean liners were a quartet of early-20th-century 20,000-ton ocean liners built by the Harland & Wolff shipyard for the White Star Line, to be the largest and most luxurious ships afloat. The group consisted of Celtic, Cedric, Baltic and Adriatic.

RMS Celtic
RMS Cedric
RMS Baltic
RMS Adriatic
Class overview
Builders: Harland and Wolff, Belfast
Operators: White Star Line
Preceded by: Teutonic-class ocean liner
Succeeded by: Olympic-class ocean liner
Built: 1901–1906
In service: 1901–1934
Planned: 4
Completed: 4
Lost: 1
Retired: 3
Preserved: 0
General characteristics
Type: Ocean liner
Tonnage: 21,000–24,550 ton
Length: 700 to 730 ft (210 to 220 m)
Beam: 75.3 ft (23.0 m)
Depth: 44 ft (13 m)
Propulsion: Steam quadruple expansion engines, powering two propellers
Speed: 17 kn (31 km/h)
Capacity: 2,850 passengers

Origin

In 1899, White Star Line commissioned the RMS Oceanic, which exceeded the SS Great Eastern in length but not tonnage. After Thomas Ismay's death, the order of Oceanic's sister-ship, Olympic was cancelled. Instead, resources were transferred to the company's new project; to build the grandest fleet of ships that had ever sailed the seas, the "Big Four".[1]

History

In 1901, the White Star Line ordered a series of four ships that were to be larger than the Great Eastern, terming these ships the "Big Four". The four ships were designed to have a tonnage in excess of 20,000 tons and rather than being built for speed and to compete for the Blue Riband, were designed to be more luxurious than their rivals.[2]

The first of the four vessels was named Celtic, and was ordered by Thomas Ismay before his death.[1] The Celtic was launched on 4 April 1901 and made her maiden voyage on 26 July. She was shorter than the Oceanic but was still longer than the Great Eastern.[1] After Celtic was completed, she was the biggest ship in the world at 21,035 gross tons.

The project was followed by the Cedric, which was launched on 21 August 1902 and made her maiden voyage on 11 February 1903. At the time she was launched she was the biggest moving object ever built at 21,073 gross tons.

Plans of the Baltic, c. 1903.

The project was followed by the Baltic, which was launched on 21 November 1903 and made her maiden voyage on 29 June 1904. She was the largest ship in the world at 23,876 gross tons until 1905, when the HAPAG's 24,581 gross ton Kaiserin Auguste Victoria surpassed her in tonnage.[3]

The popularity of White Star's Big Four was eventually overtaken by Cunard's Lusitania and Mauretania, both of which were larger than the Adriatic, at 24,541 gross tons the largest and also the fastest of the Big Four, but which was superseded in size before her launch by the Lusitania. Lastly the Red Star Line's SS Lapland, at a more economical 17,000 tons, was a virtual sister ship to the Big Four in her layout and dimensions. Lapland was also built by Harland & Wolff.

Features
Adriatic's first class reading and correspondence room. Similar rooms were furnished on her sister ships.

The Big Four had a tonnage of 21,000-to-24,500 tons, with the Baltic and the Adriatic much larger than the first two. However, the Adriatic, which was the largest of the four, was also the only one not to have held the title of largest passenger ship in world.[4] The four ships were propelled by two propellers driven by steam quadruple expansion and reached an average speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), although their maximum speeds varied.

The silhouettes of the four vessels were similar, black hull with red keel and white superstructure. They were provided with four masts (two front and two rear) which supported the cables of wireless telegraphy. The two funnels were buff topped with a black sleeve.

The vessels had luxury on an unprecedented scale, with a dining room dominated by a glass roof, a lounge with a reading and writing room with many books and periodicals, also adorned with large picture windows, a covered promenade deck, a smoking room decorated stained glass[5] and in the case of the Adriatic, an indoor pool and Turkish baths.[6]

Ships' careers

Celtic

Celtic was the first of the Big Four, which entered service in 1901. This was the first ship to exceed the Great Eastern in tonnage. Her career was marked by several accidents. Transformed into an auxiliary cruiser during the First World War, she struck a mine in 1917, killing 17 people.

In 1918, she was torpedoed by a German submarine, but was once again afloat. In 1925, she struck another vessel, but neither ship suffered consequences. The incident was repeated with another vessel in 1927. Finally, in 1928, she struck rocks off Cobh and was considered unrecoverable. It took five years for the ship to be completely dismantled.[7][8]

Cedric

Cedric was put into service in 1903. Her commercial career was divided into transatlantic crossings and cruises. When the Titanic sank, the Cedric was docked in New York. After the sinking it was reported that J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star line, had attempted arranged by wireless code with the New York offices of his company to delay the sailing of Cedric until the Carpathia arrived in port so that he and the surviving crew members of the Titanic could return to England without setting foot on United States soil, however the Cedric sailed on schedule.[9]

During the war, the Cedric was transformed into an auxiliary cruiser. On 29 January 1918, the Cedric collided with the Canadian Pacific ship Montreal off Morecambe Bay. The Montreal was taken in tow but sank the next day 14 miles (23 km) from the Mersey Bar lightvessel.

On 30 September 1923, the Cedric collided with RMS Scythia of the Cunard Line in Queenstown harbour during dense fog. Neither vessel was seriously damaged. She was decommissioned in 1931 and was scrapped the following year.[10]

Baltic
The Baltic under construction, 1903.

Commissioned in 1904, the Baltic played repeatedly a rescue part at sea. In 1909, she received the SOS from the RMS Republic (1903), after a collision with SS Florida of Lloyd Italiano. In 1912, the night of the sinking of the Titanic, the Baltic received the distress call from the ship, but failed to join. She was also involved in a rescue on 6 December 1929, when she assisted the sinking schooner Northern Light.

On 17 February 1933, she sailed for Osaka where she was scrapped.[11] Baltic was commonly accompanied by White Star tender SS Magnetic, which serviced her throughout most of her career. The two ships appear together on many White Star Line postcards.

Adriatic

Adriatic entered service in 1907. She was the largest and most luxurious of the Big Four. Her career was marked by the events known by her sister ships, and she enjoyed a successful commercial career, even having the honor of opening the Southampton – New York route for the White Star Line.[4] Her career was interrupted by the First World War, during which the ship made several voyages as a troop transport.[12]

The Adriatic was devoted full-time to cruising from 1933, and was retired the following year. She was scrapped in Japan in 1935.

Footnotes
  1. "The Great Ocean Liners: Celtic (II)". Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  2. White Star Line Oceanic II 1899–1914, White Star Ships. Retrieved 27 July 2009
  3. "The Great Ocean Liners:Baltic". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  4. Adriatic 2 Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The White Star Line. Retrieved 27 July 2009
  5. The Famous Big 4 of the New York – Liverpool Service – White Star Line – 1909 Brochure Archived 12 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Gjenvick–Gjønvik Archive. Retrieved 27 July 2009
  6. (in French) Les Bains Turcs et la Piscine, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 27 July 2009
  7. White Star Line History Website: RMS Celtic
  8. R.M.S. Celtic (II) Archived 24 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Great Ships. Retrieved 28 July 2009
  9. http://blogs.denverpost.com/titanic/2012/04/07/april-18-1912-ismay-saved-miracle-sneak-london/
  10. "The Great Ocean Liners: Cedric". Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  11. "The Great Ocean Liners: Baltic". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  12. RMS Adriatic II Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Ayrshire Scotland. Retrieved 27 July 2010

Bibliography
  • Chirnside, M. (2016). The Big Four of the White Star Fleet: Celtic, Cedric, Baltic & Adriatic. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780750965972.

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