Bristol Commercial Vehicles

Bristol Commercial Vehicles was a vehicle manufacturer located in Bristol, England. Most production was of buses but trucks and railbus chassis were also built.

Bristol Commercial Vehicles
TypePrivately held company, later Public company
IndustryVehicle manufacture
FoundedBristol, England, 1908
Defunct1983
Key people
George White (founder)
ParentBristol Tramways & Carriage Co

The Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company started to build buses for its own use in 1908 and soon started building vehicles for other companies. In 1955 this part of the business was separated out as Bristol Commercial Vehicles Limited. It closed in 1983 when production was moved to its then parent company Leyland.

History

The first trams of the Bristol Tramways Company ran in 1875, and in 1906 the company started to operate motor buses to bring extra passengers to their trams. In 1908 the company decided to build bus chassis for its own use, the first one entering service on 12 May.[1]

The Motor Department was initially based at the tram depot in Brislington, on the road that leads east from Bristol to Bath. The Car Building Works there had been responsible for erecting electric trams and had gone on to build horse-drawn vehicles for the company. The first motor bodies built there had been three charabanc bodies constructed in 1907 for the Thornycroft buses delivered the previous year. During 1907 the bus fleet was transferred to the tram depot at Filton to the north west of the city.[2] In 1908 the company built its first six buses. The chassis were erected by the Motor Department and three bodies each at Brislington and the company's carriage works in Leek Lane, north Bristol.[3]

Brislington tram depot, one of the sites used to build Bristol buses.

In 1910 the company decided to build aeroplanes, forming the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, Ltd. The best place for this work was the sheds occupied by the Motor Department at Filton, so motor repairs and construction returned to Brislington.[4] The tram depot proved too small for the volume of work and so a new 4 acres (1.6 ha) site, to be known as the Motor Constructional Works, was purchased nearby in Kensington Hill, Brisington.[5]

In May 1914 it supplied its first bus to another operator, a C50 fitted out as a charabanc for Imperial Tramways at Middlesbrough. The two companies shared a chairman, Sir George White, who in January had taken some buses out of service in Bristol to send to Middlesbrough when a rival company had tried to start a competitive service. The Middlesbrough order was followed by a number of trucks for the Royal Navy Air Service.[6]

The Great Western Railway bought a controlling interest in the tramway company in 1929 but the bus interests of the railway were transferred to Western National in 1931. This brought Bristol Tramways and its manufacturing activities into the Tilling Group.[7] It was a policy decision by the Tilling Group to adopt the diesel engine as the standard power unit, which started a period of many decades of installing Gardner diesel engines to Bristol chassis.[8] Other companies in the group increasingly turned to Bristol to provide their chassis. Many Bristol chassis were taken to Eastern Coach Works (ECW) at Lowestoft, another member of the Tilling Group, where bodies were added. The un-bodied chassis were moved between the two towns by delivery drivers wearing substantial weatherproof suits.[9]

Bristol Commercial Vehicles (BCV) was created in 1943 as a subsidiary of Bristol Tramways. The Transport Act saw the nationalisation of the Tilling Group into the British Transport Commission (BTC) in 1948. BCV and ECW soon found themselves restricted to selling products to other BTC operators.[10] Nationalisation also brought the task of supervision of the Ministry of Supply's motor repair works at Kingswood.[11] In 1955 BCV became an independent company owned by the BTC.[10] Rationalisation of activities saw new body construction cease at Bristol in 1956.[12]

Changes in government policy in 1965 allowed the Leyland Motor Corporation to buy some shares in BCV and ECW so that their products could once again be sold to independent operators.[13] The last new chassis to carry a Bristol badge was a VRT/SL double-deck bus built in 1981. For a while the factory continued to build buses with Leyland badges, notably the Olympian which had been designed by the staff at Brislington. All work ended in October 1983 when the final Bristol-built Olympian chassis was sent to ECW to receive its body for Devon General (where it was registered A686 KDV). Work was then transferred to other Leyland factories.[13]

Products

Chassis
A VRT/SL of 1969 (centre left) and an FS of 1966 (centre right).
Bristol VR with ECW bodywork at Kirkby Stephen 2018.

Early chassis types were given a C-series number.[14] When a new lower frame was introduced in 1920 they were known simply by the capacity of the body that was designed to be fitted. From 1925 a sequential letter system was given that ran from A to M, although the M type never went into full production. This was replaced by a new series that used initials to describe the vehicle, such as 'RE' for 'rear engine'.[13]

Different chassis letter codes were used to identify different sizes of petrol engines, but with the introduction of diesel engines from 1933 the size and manufacturer was shown by a suffix to the main code. In this way LD5G denoted an LD with a five-cylinder Gardner engine and FS6B an FS with a six-cylinder Bristol engine, and so on.[13]

All early chassis were used for either single deck buses or goods vehicles. In 1931 a longer J type single deck chassis was offered to exploit the increased length now permissible but this was replaced by the L in 1937. In 1952 by a new Light Saloon was introduced which was built on integral principles. It had no true chassis but lightweight running units were fitted to a special ECW body that gave the bus its strength and rigidity. A more conventional Medium Weight chassis was offered from 1957. A larger single deck, the rear-engined RE, was produced in 1962 and shorter versions to replace the MW appeared in 1968 along with a Lightweight Horizontal engined chassis, to replace the SU midibus and sell to the private sector as a lightweight coach, the LH.[13]

The G was introduced in 1931 as a dedicated double deck chassis, but this was replaced by the K in 1937. Larger versions were offered as laws changed to allow an increase in both width and length, but in 1949 a radically different double deck prototype was tested. This had a specially designed chassis that allowed a conventional body to be fitted within the height of a 'lowbridge' profile, which with a conventional chassis was only possible with gangways below floor level and very restricted headroom inside. This prototype became the Lodekka which remained in production in various forms until 1968. By this time a rear-engine double deck, the VR was available.[13]

The last VRs and LHs were built in 1981 and the last REs in 1982, but production switched to Leyland-badged chassis. These included the B21 and B52 single deck urban bus chassis and the Olympian double deck.

Note that the 'type' shown in the table below refers to the most common configuration. Double deck bus chassis were sometimes given single deck bodies, and bus chassis were often given goods bodies.

Model Introduced Type Length Engine Number built Comments
C40 1908 Single deck 4 cylinder 14 Chain-drive transmission
C45 1912 Single deck 4 cylinder 29
C60 1912 Single deck 4 cylinder 19
C65 1913 Single deck 4 cylinder 9
C50 1914 Single deck 4 cylinder 53
4 ton 1921 Double deck 22.8 feet (6.9 m) 4 cylinder 649 Prototype built 1915 as W type. Later offered as 24.8 feet (7.6 m).
2 ton 1923 Single deck 16.75 feet (5.11 m) 4 cylinder First chassis with driving position alongside engine. Also offered as 18.25 feet (5.56 m).
A 1925 Double deck 25.5 feet (7.8 m) 4 cylinder 23
B 1926 Single deck 26 feet (7.9 m) 4 cylinder 778 'Bristol Superbus'
C 1929 Double deck 6 cylinder 2 Three-axle. Chassis prototypes never given bodies.
D 1929 Double deck 26 feet (7.9 m) 6 cylinder 50
E 1929 Trolleybus Electric 2 Three-axle
G 1931 Double deck 26.5 feet (8.1 m) 6 cylinder
H 1931 Single deck 27.5 feet (8.4 m) 4 cylinder 106
J 1931 Single deck 27.5 feet (8.4 m) 6 cylinder 330
JO 1933 Single deck 27.5 feet (8.4 m) Diesel 606
GO 1935 Double deck 26.5 feet (8.1 m) Diesel
K 1937 Double deck 26 feet (7.9 m) Diesel 2774
L 1937 Single deck 27.5 feet (8.4 m) Diesel 2426
LL 1946 Single deck 30 feet (9.1 m) Diesel 387 Export model until 1950.
LWL Single deck 30 feet (9.1 m) Diesel 401 Wider version of LL chassis. Export model until 1950.
KW 1947 Double deck 26 feet (7.9 m) Diesel 20 Wider version of K chassis.
M 1948 Diesel 2 Chassis prototypes never given bodies.
KS 1950 Double deck 27 feet (8.2 m) Diesel 236 Longer version of K chassis with the engine flexibly mounted to the frame.
KSW 1950 Double deck 27 feet (8.2 m) Diesel 1116 Wider version of KS chassis.
LS 1950 Single deck 30 feet (9.1 m) Diesel 1409 LS = Light Saloon. Integral chassis and body.
HG 1952 Goods 29.8 feet (9.1 m) Diesel 517 HG = Heavy Goods. An eight-wheel rigid vehicle.
SC 1954 Single deck 27.5 feet (8.4 m) Diesel 323 SC = Small Capacity
LD 1954 Double deck 27 feet (8.2 m) Diesel 2180 LD = Lo Dekka. Prototype tested from 1949.
HA 1955 Goods 14 feet (4.3 m) Diesel 653 HA = Heavy Articulated. A tractor for articulated vehicle (946 ST Semi Trailers were constructed), it was later built as 15 feet (4.6 m) long to accommodate a larger engine.
LDL 1957 Double deck 30 feet (9.1 m) Diesel Longer version of LD chassis
MW 1957 Single deck Diesel 1965 MW = Medium Weight
SUL 1960 Single deck 27.8 feet (8.5 m) Diesel 156 SUL = Small, Underfloor engine, Long
SUS 1960 Single deck 24.2 feet (7.4 m) Diesel 25 SUS = Small, Underfloor engine, Short
FLF 1960 Double deck Diesel 1867 FLF = Flat-floor, long, Front entrance
FL 1960 Double deck Diesel FL = Flat-floor, long (rear entrance). Discontinued in 1962.
FS 1960 Double deck 27 feet (8.2 m) Diesel 890 FS = Flat-floor, short (rear entrance)
FSF Double deck 27 feet (8.2 m) Diesel FSF = Flat-floor, short, front entrance. Discontinued in 1962.
RELL 1962 Single deck 36 feet (11 m) Diesel 2839 RELL = Rear Engine, Long Low
RELH 1962 Single deck 36 feet (11 m) Diesel 976 RELH = Rear Engine, Long High
VRT/SL 1966 Double deck Diesel VRT = Vertical Rear Transverse engine, Short Low
VRT/LL Double deck Diesel 25 VRT = Vertical Rear Transverse engine, Long Low
VRL/LH Double deck Diesel 30 VRL = Vertical Rear Longitudinal engine, Long, High
VRT/LH Double deck Diesel VRT = Vertical Rear Transverse engine, Long High
RESL 1967 Single deck Diesel 698 RESL = Rear Engine, Short Low
RESH 1967 Single deck Diesel 11 RESH = Rear Engine, Short High
REMH 1968 Single deck 39 feet (12 m) Diesel 105 REMH = Rear Engine, Maximum length, High
LH 1968 Single deck 30 feet (9.1 m) Diesel 1505 LH = Lightweight Horizontal engine
LHS 1968 Single deck 26 feet (7.9 m) Diesel 308 LHS = Lightweight Horizontal engine, Short
LHL 1968 Single deck 36 feet (11 m) Diesel 174 LHL = Lightweight Horizontal engine, Long

Engines

Bristol made their own petrol engines to power their chassis. Until 1929 these were all four-cylinder, but in that year a six-cylinder model was added to the range to power the new C and D models. The C failed to get past the prototype stage, but the D was joined in 1931 by the G and J which also used Bristol's six-cylinder JW engine.[15]

Bristol first offered a diesel-engined chassis in 1933. This was a JO single deck fitted with a Gardner five-cylinder engine. The GO double deck soon followed, but the petrol-engined J and G versions remained in the product range until 1936.[13] Bristol continued to source its diesel engines from Gardner and other suppliers. In 1938 they began to develop their own but a production model was not ready until after World War II. The 8.14-litre AVW engine was available in 1946 and an LSW horizontal version was produced for the LS integral single deck in 1950. Larger 8.9-litre BVW engines appeared in 1957. More than 4,000 diesel engines were eventually produced.[16]

Bodies
A Bristol K with a 1940 Bristol body

Bristol Tramways initially built bus and truck bodies at their Brislington Body Works which was on the same site as the Brislington tram depot. Low demand for new aircraft following World War I saw some bus and lorry bodies built in the aircraft factory at Filton, where the first bus chassis had been built.[17]

Most early Bristol chassis (and some of the few chassis that the company bought from others) had their bodies built by Bristol Tramways, but by the late 1930s most other operators were having bodies for their Bristol chassis built elsewhere.[18] One such outside coach factory was ECW in Lowestoft where they had been building bodies on Bristol chassis for United Automobile Services and other operators since 1929.[19] Bristol Tramways even had a batch of K5Gs bodied by ECW in 1938.[20]

After World War II Bristol's old angular body designs became more like the contemporary, more rounded ECW designs. After nationalisation ECW built bodies for most of Bristol's output.[18] In 1955 it was decided that body production at Brislington would cease. The designs for the HA lorry cab were handed over to Longwell Green Coachworks, a company based near Bristol. All work had been transferred there by 28 May 1956.[12]

Other products

In October 1913 a mobile workshop was built to repair aircraft in the field. A 'large bus body' was equipped with an electric generator which powered a lathe, bandsaw, drills, shaping machine, grindstone and lights. One of the two drills was on a long lead so that it could be used outside the workshop. It was also equipped with work benches, furnace and anvil. It was driven to the Paris Aircraft Show. It was sold to the Royal Naval Air Service in 1914.[21]

More than 1,000 aircraft were built at the Motor Constructional Works to supplement the work of the regular Bristol Aeroplane Company factory at Filton during World War I.[16] Again during World War II Brislington was tasked with manufacturing products to support the war. The fuselages for 1,300 Bristol Beaufighters and 120 Bristol Buckinghams were built and sent to Filton for fitting out. It built gas producer equipment to enable buses and trucks to use anthracite as a fuel. It also produced aircraft and tank components, shells, searchlight generators and other military equipment.[22]

Brislington product's became more diverse after nationalisation. Heavy goods vehicles were designed and built for British Road Services in both rigid eight-wheel[23] and articulated form.[24] A few bus chassis were also fitted out as lorries, as they had done since the earliest days of the factory.[25] A prototype container transporter for British Railways and a light anti-aircraft gun carriage for the Ministry of Defence also made use of BCV's expertise in road vehicle manufacture.[11]

Bristol provided the chassis for two railbuses in 1958. Each used a Gardner 112 horsepower (84 kW) engine and a hydraulic automatic transmission. The bodywork was built by ECW. They were used on branch lines in Scotland, but no further orders were placed and the pair were withdrawn and scrapped in 1966.

See also

References
  1. Hulin, P (June 1974a). "Bristol Centenary Year". Buses. Vol. 24 no. 231. Ian Allan. pp. 205–207.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. James 2005, p. 36.
  3. James 2005, pp. 40–41.
  4. Hulin, P (1974b). "Bristol's Buses". In Cooper, Brian T (ed.). The People's Carriage. Bristol: Bristol Omnibus Company. pp. 33–34.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. James 2005, pp. 58–59.
  6. James 2005, p. 82.
  7. Hulin 1974a, p. 209.
  8. The First Fifty Years- BCV published souvenir booklet 1963.
  9. Doggett 1987.
  10. Hulin 1974b, pp. 41–45.
  11. Mathieson, John (1974). "The Years of Expansion". In Cooper, Brian T (ed.). The People's Carriage. Bristol: Bristol Omnibus Company. pp. 63–72.
  12. James & Sposito n.d., p. 39.
  13. Macfarlane, Allan (1998). History of Bristol Commercial Vehicles. The Bristol Interest Circle. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
  14. James 2005, pp. 108–112.
  15. Hulin 1974b, pp. 37–38.
  16. Hulin 1974b, p. 41.
  17. James & Sposito n.d., p. 13.
  18. Doggett, Maurice; Townsin, Alan (1994). ECW 1965–1987. Glossop: Venture Publications. pp. 125–127. ISBN 1-898432-11-2.
  19. Doggett 1987, pp. 27.
  20. Doggett 1987, pp. 109.
  21. James 2005, p. 77.
  22. Hulin 1974b, p. 39–41.
  23. James & Sposito n.d., pp. 29–46.
  24. James & Sposito n.d., pp. 49–57.
  25. James & Sposito n.d., p. 59.
  • James, Allen (2005). Bristol Commercial Vehicles – The Early Years. Bristol: Allen James.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Doggett, Maurice (1987). Eastern Coach Works. 1. Glossop: Transport Publishing. ISBN 0-86317-134-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • James, Allen; Sposito, Phil (n.d.). Bristol Goods Vehicles. Bristol: James and Sposito.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Curtis, Martin (1984). Bristol Buses in Camera, Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1361-6
  • Curtis, Martin (1994). Bristol VR, Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2238-0
  • Roberts, Duncan (2002). Bristol RE, NBC Books.
  • Townsin, Alan (2000). The Bristol Story Part Two, Venture Publications. ISBN 1-898432-78-3
  • The First Fifty Years -The Story of the Birth and Development of Bristol Vehicles, Bristol Commercial Vehicles Ltd (1963)
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