Buyla inscription

The Buyla inscription is a 9-word, 56-character inscription written in the Greek alphabet but in a non-Greek language. It is found on a golden buckled bowl or cup which is among the pieces of the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós[1][2] which are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.[1][3] The bowl is 12 cm in diameter and weighs 212 g, and has a handle or buckle, perhaps for hanging on a belt. The inscription is found around the outside of a circular design in the middle of the bowl. In the place where the inscription begins and ends, there is a cross. The inscription reads: ΒΟΥΗΛΑ·​ΖΟΑΠΑΝ·​ΤΕϹΗ·​ΔΥΓΕΤΟΙΓΗ·​ΒΟΥΤΑΟΥΛ·​ΖΩΑΠΑΝ·​ΤΑΓΡΟΓΗ·​ΗΤΖΙΓΗ·​ΤΑΙϹΗ.[4]

The Buyla Inscription
The buckled bowl bearing the Buyla inscription.
Materialgold
CreatedMiddle or Late Avar Period (670 AD – 800 AD)
Discovered1799 near Nagyszentmiklós (today Sânnicolau Mare in Timiș County, Romania)
Present locationKunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Prevailing opinion is that the language of the text is a Turkic language,[5][6] and several translations have been proposed, but it has not been deciphered and the exact classification of the language has been a subject of debate.[1][7][2] Vilhelm Thomsen translated the inscription: "Boila zoapan finished this bowl [this drinking cup], which Boutaoul zoapan made suitable for hanging up."[8] Nikola Mavrodinov translated it: "Bouila zoapan made this cup; Boutaul Zoapan made this cup suitable for drinking from."[8] Gyula Németh translated it: "Boila chaban's bowl, which was made to his order; Boutaoul had a buckle made for it, and this is his bowl."[8] Paul Lazăr Tonciulescu translated it: "Jupan Buila [has] all rights, jupan Butaul [has the right of] entering [in] all towns.[9]

Description

The treasure of Nagyszentmiklós
Main article: Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

The treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, of which the bowl is a part, consists of 23 decorated gold vessels weighing around 10 kg.[10][11][3] It was found in 1799 on the banks of the Aranca river, near Nagyszentmiklós (today Sânnicolau Mare in Timiș County, Romania),[12][3][13] in the region of Avar settlement in the Carpathian Basin.[14] It was also attributed to the lower Danube Bulgars,[15] but the current view is that the treasure is of Avar origin and closely related to the Avar culture.[16][14][15][17]

The objects were made by specialized craftsmen in the 7th and 8th centuries[16][18][14] and were hoarded by local lords.[19][20] The treasure was last "used" and buried in the second half of the 8th century or perhaps in the early 9th century.[14][20]

Some of the vessels bear runiform inscriptions. Similar characters can be found on a bone needle case excavated in the Late Avar cemetery of Szarvas (in Békés County, Hungary) and dated to the second half of the 8th century.[10][21] Based on this evidence, some scholars proposed a similar date for the Nagyszentmiklós inscriptions.[10][13]

The inscription
A drawing of the inscription made by József Hampel.

The Buyla inscription is engraved in Greek letters on the inner bottom of a round buckled bowl (no. 21 in József Hampel's list), on a flat ring surrounding a lavishly decorated disk.[22][23]

The inscription has the following text, easily readable, and uses a 'C'-shaped glyph for sigma:[24][25][23]

† ΒΟΥΗΛΑ • ΖΟΑΠΑΝ • ΤΕϹΗ • ΔΥΓΕΤΟΙΓΗ • ΒΟΥΤΑΟΥΛ • ΖΩΑΠΑΝ • ΤΑΓΡΟΓΗ • ΗΤΖΙΓΗ • ΤΑΙϹΗ

The lower case equivalent is:

† βουηλα • ζοαπαν • τεση • δυγετοιγη • βουταουλ • ζωαπαν • ταγρογη • ητζιγη • ταιση

The transliteration is:

† bouēla • zoapan • tesē • dugetoigē • boutaoul • zōapan • tagrogē • ētzigē • taisē

Paleographic and epigraphic considerations

Some of the letters of the inscription have distinctive shapes. The letters sigma and epsilon have broad arcs.[26] The base line of delta juts out on both sides.[27] Beta has also a prominent base line, a form found in the Greek inscriptions from Bulgaria dated to the early 9th century,[26][28][29] but otherwise it is rarely attested in the Greek-writing world: only[26][28] on several Cherson coins of the Byzantine emperor Basil I (867-886)[28][29][30] and also on one inscription of the same emperor, found in Mesembria (today Nesebar, Bulgaria).[28][31] The shape of alpha is also attested on the 9th century Greek inscriptions from Bulgaria.[26] On the other hand, omega's unusual shape, with a middle vertical line higher than the rounded sides, is specific for the 6th century Greek inscriptions and the oldest forms of the Greek Uncial script.[26][32]

Vowels

In this inscription there is a free alternation between ε and αι, η and ι, and ο and ω.[33][34] These groups became homophones in Koine Greek, merging to /ɛ/, /i/ and /o/.[33][35] Also ου was read /u/,[35] υ was read /y/,[36][34][35] and οι was read either /y/[36][35] or /ø/.[37]

Interpretations

In the late 19th century, József Hampel suggested that the treasure of Nagyszentmiklós was buried by Gepids in the 4th or 5th century AD,[38][39] and attempted to decipher the text of the inscription using the Greek language. Three words end in -γη, which was read by Hampel as the Greek γῆ = "land, country". He concluded that the inscription records two Gepid princes, Bouila and Boutaoul, and the three lands they ruled: Tagro, Etzi and Dygetoi.[40][41][42] The last toponym was connected with the Getae of the Classical Antiquity.[43][42] This interpretation was sharply criticized by Vilhelm Thomsen and Gyula Németh, who showed that the language of the inscription cannot be Greek, but an old Turkic language.[44][45]

Today almost all scholars share the view that the text was written in a Turkic language,[1][46][2] but it has not been deciphered and the exact classification of the language has been a subject of debate.[1][7] It has been often compared with the Turkic Bulgar language of the First Bulgarian Empire,[34][7][29] attested on several 8th-9th century inscriptions found in north-eastern Bulgaria and written in Greek letters.[47] More recently Eugene Helimski argued the language is close to Proto-Tungusic,[48] but this proposal was rejected by Marcel Erdal as far-fetched.[49]

Buyla
Main articles: Boyar and Boila

It is generally agreed that the first word is the Turkic title buyla or boyla (also spelled boila[50]) which is attested on several Old Turkic and Danube Bulgar inscriptions[51][52] and also mentioned by some 9th and 10th centuries Byzantine authors.[51][53] Some scholars proposed that Buyla should be read as a personal name in this text.[2][51]

Butaul
Main article: Butaul

Butaul is usually read as a personal name.[2][54][55] It may be interpreted as "son of Buta" with the final -ul being a development of the Turkic oğul = "son".[54][55] This etymology was challenged based on the observation that according to the predominant model of construction of Turkic patronymics, the possessive forms oğlu or oğli are expected.[54][56] Based on the names attested on Old Turkic inscriptions, Erdal posited the reading But Aul.[54]

Zoapan
Main article: Župan

In 1900, Karl Brugmann derived the Common Slavic *županъ from župa "district, small administrative region",[57] an etymology that was accepted by many linguists.[58] However, others suggested the opposite evolution: župa as a back formation from župan, a title of Iranian etymological origin, generally found among Slavs.

References
  1. Alemany 2009, p. 5.
  2. Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 131-132.
  3. Daim 2003, p. 515.
  4. Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica: Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den byzantinischen Quellen (1983)
  5. Deliyannis, Deborah (2019). Fifty Early Medieval Things. Cornell University Press. p. 171.
  6. Helimski, Eugene (2000). On probable Tungus-Manchurian origin of the Buyla inscription from Nagy-Szentmiklós. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 5. p. 45.
  7. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, p. 19.
  8. according to Gyula László and István Rácz (The treasure of Nagyszentmikloś, 1984)
  9. Paul Lazăr Tonciulescu - "De la Țara Luanei la Ieud", Editura Miracol, București, 1998
  10. Pohl 1988, p. 182.
  11. Bálint 2010, p. 153.
  12. Hampel 1885, p. 3.
  13. Róna-Tas 1999, p. 131.
  14. Daim 2003, p. 516.
  15. Fiedler 2008, p. 218.
  16. Bálint 2010, pp. 153,155.
  17. Róna-Tas 1999, p. 132.
  18. Curta 2006, p. 94.
  19. Bálint 2010, p. 155.
  20. Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 131,264.
  21. Róna-Tas 1999, pp. 127,131.
  22. Hampel 1885, p. 44.
  23. Erdal 1988, p. 221.
  24. Hampel 1885, p. 47.
  25. Thomsen 1918, p. 15.
  26. Erdal 1988, p. 222.
  27. Erdal 1988, pp. 222-223.
  28. Beshevliev 1963, p. 21.
  29. Thomsen 1918, p. 27.
  30. Wroth 1908, pp. 442-443.
  31. Beshevliev 1952, p. 31.
  32. Beshevliev 1963, p. 19.
  33. Thomsen 1918, pp. 18-19.
  34. Erdal 1988, p. 223.
  35. Petrounias 2007, pp. 602-605.
  36. Thomsen 1918, p. 19.
  37. Erdal 1988, p. 224.
  38. Hampel 1898, p. 58.
  39. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, p. 14.
  40. Hampel 1898, pp. 47-51.
  41. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, p. 13.
  42. Thomsen 1918, p. 17.
  43. Hampel 1898, pp. 48-50.
  44. Thomsen 1918, pp. 17-18.
  45. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, pp. 17-18.
  46. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, pp. 18-19.
  47. Fiedler 2008, pp. 189-191.
  48. Helimski 2000, pp. 271-277.
  49. Erdal 2007, p. 79.
  50. Pohl 1988, pp. 182,305.
  51. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, p. 22.
  52. Erdal 1988, pp. 225-226.
  53. Erdal 1988, p. 225.
  54. Erdal 1988, p. 226.
  55. Göbl & Róna-Tas 1995, p. 23.
  56. Helimski 2000, p. 271.
  57. Brugmann 1900, p. 111.
  58. Alemany 2009, p. 7.

Bibliography
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  • Bálint, Csanád (2010). "Avar goldsmiths' work from the perspective of cultural history". In Adams, Noel; Entwistle, Chris (eds.). Intelligible Beauty: Recent Research on Byzantine Jewellery. pp. 146–160.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  • Beshevliev, Veselin (1963). Die protobulgarischen Inschrifte.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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