CPR-1000

The CPR-1000, or CPR1000 (Chinese PWR) is a Generation II+ pressurized water reactor, based on the French 900 MWe three cooling loop design (M310) imported in the 1980s, improved to have a slightly increased net power output of 1,000 MWe (1080 MWe gross) and a 60-year design life.

The CPR-1000 is built and operated by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG), formerly known as China Guangdong Nuclear Power. Progressively more Chinese manufactured components were used in the units; the second unit built had 70% of its equipment manufactured in China, with a 90% Chinese content target for later builds.[1]

Construction

On 15 July 2010, China's first CPR-1000 nuclear power plant, Ling Ao-3, was connected to the grid,[2] having started criticality testing on 11 June 2010.[3] It started commercial operations on 27 September 2010,[4] with Ling Ao-4 starting commercial operation on 7 August 2011.[5]

18 CPR-1000 reactors have been built as of December 2019.[6] Besides Ling Ao unit 3 & 4, the CPR-1000 reactor has been realised in Fangchenggang (unit 1 & 2), Fangjiashan (unit 1 & 2), Hongyanhe (unit 1-4), Ningde (unit 1-4), Yangjiang (unit 1-4).[7]

Design

The CPR-1000 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of the Gravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[1] Four reactors at Daya Bay and Ling Ao Phase 1 are sometimes also called CPR-1000s, but these are closely based on the French 900 MWe design (M310), with net power output below 1,000 MWe, and using mostly imported components.[8]

Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained by Areva, which limits overseas sales potential.[6] However the Financial Times reported in 2010 that Areva was considering marketing the CPR-1000 as a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside its larger EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.[9][10] In January 2012, CGNPG agreed a partnership with Areva and EDF to develop a reactor based on the CPR-1000,[11] which may create a design converged with Mitsubishi and Areva's 1000 MWe Atmea reactor.[12]

CNP-1000 is a similar 3-loop-design by CNNC, but with a different reactor core.

ACPR-1000 development

In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to a Generation III level, the ACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components. CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[13] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation with Dongfang Electric, Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, China First Heavy Industries and China Erzhong.[14]

Yangjiang 5 was the first construction of an ACPR-1000 reactor, starting in late 2013.[15] This reactor includes a core catcher and double containment as additional safety measures.[16] It began commercial operation in July 2018. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically-developed digital control system.[17] Unit 5 and 6 at Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant are similarly classified as ACPRs.

Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, a revised design called at the time ACPR-1000+ was described. Features include double containment to protect against external explosions and airplanes, improved seismic capability to 0.3 g, increased core thermal margins and improved operation systems.[18] The gross power output has been increased to 1150 MWe.[19] The ACPR-1000+ was envisaged for export from 2014.[11]

Hualong One merged design
Main article: Hualong One

Since 2011 CGNPG has been progressively merging the ACPR-1000 with the China National Nuclear Corporation's ACP-1000 design into the new Hualong One design.[20]

See also

References
  1. Lau, Steven (5 July 2011). "CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability" (PDF). Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company. IAEA. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  2. "First power at China's Ling Ao". Nuclear Engineering International. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  3. "Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II". World Nuclear News. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  4. "New Ling Ao II unit enters into service". World Nuclear News. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  5. "Second Ling Ao II unit enters service". World Nuclear News. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  6. "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. December 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  7. "China, People's Republic of". Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  8. "Fuel loading starts at new Chinese reactor". World Nuclear News. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  9. Peggy Hollinger (15 January 2010). "Areva considers producing cheaper reactors". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  10. Peggy Hollinger (19 October 2010). "Energy: Cooling ambitions". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  11. "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  12. Geert De Clercq and Benjamin Mallet (28 February 2013). "Areva sticks with plan to build 10 nuclear reactors by 2016". Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  13. "China prepares to export reactors". World Nuclear News. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  14. "The ACPR1000 with Chinese IPR debuts at the international market". Xinhua. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  15. "Yangjiang 1 commercial operation makes site China's sixth working NPP". Nuclear Engineering International. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  16. Yun Zhou (31 July 2013). "China: The next few years are crucial for nuclear industry growth". Ux Consulting. Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  17. "Yangjiang 5 enters commercial operation". World Nuclear News. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  18. "ACPR1000+". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  19. "ACPR1000+ (powerpoint)". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  20. "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
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