Caladenia cristata

Caladenia cristata, commonly known as the crested clown orchid[1] or crested spider orchid[2] is a species of orchid endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single hairy leaf and a greenish-yellow and red flower on an unusually tall spike, considering the small size of the flower. Since its discovery in 1923 and collections made in 1923 it was thought to be extinct, until rediscovered in 1986.

Crested spider orchid

Priority One — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Diurideae
Genus: Caladenia
Species:
C. cristata
Binomial name
Caladenia cristata
Synonyms
  • Calonema cristatum (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.
  • Phlebochilus cristata (R.S.Rogers) Szlach.
  • Jonesiopsis cristata (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.

Description

Caladenia cristata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, erect, hairy leaf, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long and about 4 mm (0.2 in) wide. It usually produces a single flower 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) wide and 30–40 mm (1–2 in) long, on the end of a stalk 18–40 cm (7–20 in) tall. The flowers are greenish-yellow and red with a brownish labellum. The dorsal sepal is erect, lance-shaped and about 2 cm (0.8 in) long. The lateral sepals are linear to lance-shaped, wider than the dorsal sepal, spread widely and taper to a point. The petals are a similar shape to the sepals but narrower and about 15 mm (0.6 in) long. The labellum is brownish-red with a smooth edge and curves downward near the tip. There are densely crowded, tall, red-tipped calli in the centre of the labellum. The column is almost as long as the labellum and curves forward with two wide wings. Flowering occurs from August to late September.[1][2][3][4]

Taxonomy and naming

Caladenia cristata was first formally described by Richard Sanders Rogers in 1923 and the description was published in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia from a specimen found in the Murchison district by "Dr. E.S. Simpson".[4][5] The specific epithet (cristata) is a Latin word meaning "tufted" or "crested"[6] referring to the tall labellum calli.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The crested spider orchid was thought to be extinct when no specimens were seen after a collection made in 1932. Plants found in 1977 were initially thought to be C. cristata but were later recognised as a new species, Caladenia voigtii. Specimens were found near Miling nine years later and the species is now known to occur between Pithara, Wongan Hills and Watheroo in the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic regions, growing on higher ground above salt lakes and flats.[2][3][7][8]

Conservation

Caladenia cristata is classified as "Priority One" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife,[7] meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk.[9] Surveys carried out by volunteers in 2011 located 932 plants at three of the previously known populations, but 867 were at a single location and none was found at the other three. The main threats to the population are rising salinity, grazing by rabbits and goats, weeds and habitat degradation.[8]

References
  1. Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 114–115. ISBN 1877069124.
  2. Brown, Andrew; Dixon, Kingsley; French, Christopher; Brockman, Garry (2013). Field guide to the orchids of Western Australia : the definitive guide to the native orchids of Western Australia. Simon Nevill Publications. p. 131. ISBN 9780980348149.
  3. Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011). Orchids of South-West Australia (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. p. 162. ISBN 9780646562322.
  4. Rogers, Richard Sanders (1923). "Contributions to the Orchidaceous flora of Australia". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. 47: 337. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  5. "Caladenia cristata". APNI. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  6. Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 238.
  7. "Caladenia cristata". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
  8. Brown, Andrew. "Volunteer surveys for Caladenia cristata" (PDF). Government of Western Australia, Department of Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  9. "Conservation codes for Western Australian Flora and Fauna" (PDF). Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
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