Caliban

Caliban (/ˈkælɪbæn/ KAL-i-ban), son of the witch Sycorax, is an important character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

For other uses, see Caliban (disambiguation).

Caliban
The Tempest character
Created byWilliam Shakespeare
In-universe information
FamilySycorax (Mother)

His character is one of the few Shakespearean figures to take on a life of its own "outside" Shakespeare's own work:[1] as Russell Hoban put it, "Caliban is one of the hungry ideas, he's always looking for someone to word him into being ... Caliban is a necessary idea".[2]

Character

Caliban is half human, half monster. After his island becomes occupied by Prospero and his daughter Miranda, Caliban is forced into slavery.[3] While he is referred to as a calvaluna or mooncalf, a freckled monster, he is the only human inhabitant of the island that is otherwise "not honour'd with a human shape" (Prospero, I.2.283).[4] In some traditions he is depicted as a wild man, or a deformed man, or a beast man, or sometimes a mix of fish and man, a dwarf or even a tortoise.[5]

Banished from Algiers, Sycorax was left on the isle, pregnant with Caliban, and died before Prospero's arrival. Caliban, despite his inhuman nature, clearly loved and worshipped his mother, referring to Setebos as his mother's god, and appealing to her powers against Prospero.[6] Prospero explains his harsh treatment of Caliban by claiming that after initially befriending him, Caliban attempted to rape Miranda. Caliban confirms this gleefully, saying that if he had not been stopped he would have peopled the island with a race of Calibans[7] – "Thou didst prevent me, I had peopled else this isle with Calibans" (Act I:ii). Prospero then entraps Caliban and torments him with harmful magic if Caliban does not obey his orders. Resentful of Prospero, Caliban takes Stephano, one of the shipwrecked servants, as a god and as his new master. Caliban learns that Stephano is neither a god nor Prospero's equal in the conclusion of the play, however, and Caliban agrees to obey Prospero again.

Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises
Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.
Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments
Will hum about mine ears; and sometime voices
That, if I then had waked after long sleep,
Will make me sleep again; and then in dreaming,
The clouds me thought would open, and show riches
Ready to drop upon me, that when I waked
I cried to dream again.

Name
Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo dancing

There is a long history of enthusiastic speculation on the name's origin or derivation.

One of the most prominent suggestions concerns Caliban being an anagram of the Spanish word canibal (Carib people), the source of cannibal in English. The character may be seen as a satire on "Noble cannibal" from Montaigne's Essays (A.30, "Of Cannibals").[8]

Also popular has been comparison to kaliban or cauliban in the Romani language, which mean black or with blackness.[9][10][11][12] The first Romanichal had arrived in England a century before Shakespeare's time.[13]

Since 1889, it has been suggested that Shakespeare may have named Caliban after the Tunisian city Calibia (now called Kelibia) that is seen on maps of the Mediterranean dating to 1529.[14]

Many other, though less notable, suggestions have been made, primarily in the 19th century, including an Arabic word for "vile dog", a Hindu Kalee-ban "satyr of Kalee, the Hindoo Proserpine", German Kabeljau ("codfish"), etc.[15]

As a matter of fact and old local Russian in-joke, the word 'Caliban' as an anagram also has 5 exact solutions in the Russian language (Russian: Калибан[16] ), an East Slavic language with Cyrillic script, the language of another 'slaves' known to the English since the Muscovy Company although previously the early Russian-language literature had experienced a significant influence of Anglo-Saxon texts through Gytha of Wessex, with her husband plagiarizing Alfred the Great.[17] They are the following:

  1. Russian: абалкин, tr. abalkin — Russian surname from the word meaning a bale,
  2. Russian: балакин, tr. Balakin — Russian surname from 'balaka' (a talkative person),
  3. Russian: балинка, tr. Balinka — a Czech river (Balinka River), a Croatian pit in mount, and also villages in Poland and in Hungary
  4. Russian: кабалин, tr. Kabalin — Russian surname from "kabala" (a dependable person),
  5. Russian: набилка, romanized: nabilka, lit. 'bulb'[18] — part of the loom.[19]

E. g. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov explicitly referenced The Tempest title (Russian: Буря, lit. 'Storm') for the character of Storm-Bogatyr, the wind in his 1902 opera Kashchey the Deathless. The opera was perceived as an indirect Anti-Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov insult three years later, during the 1905 Russian Revolution. The composer was fired from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory for the affiliation with his students ideas.[20] After 1924, the in-joke became even more popular because of Maxim Gorky. He published a testimony about Vladimir Lenin's favourite musical preference — Appassionata.[21] The musical piece was inspired by The Tempest according to Beethoven's associate Anton Schindler, not the most reliable source.[22] A surname of Russian-American inventor Igor Sikorsky, an example of Russian derivative from the West Slavic word Czech: sýkora, became popular in the 20th century, adding to the 19th-century speculations about Marina Mniszech (1588—1614) her executed son Ivan (1611—1614) being the exact historical prototypes for Sycorax and Caliban. In the 17th century, Russia experienced the famine of 1601–1603, as a proportion of the population, believed to be its worst as it may have killed 2 million people (1/3 of the population). "People affected with the plague wander about like wild animals”, and the common people blame the Tsar for all their troubles: “in the squares they curse the name of Boris".[23] As a common knowledge for Russians, the first name of Boris falsely sounds like it's derivered from the Russian word 'bor' (Russian: бор, lit. 'forest'), while 'Caliban' strongly resembles and rhymes to another Russian name 'Selivan' which is an adaptation from Silvius to Russian (Latin: silva — forest). The main character name used by Nikolai Leskov in his short story "Bugaboo" is also named Selivan and often shortened to 'Ivan'. 'Ivan' is often used in the reconstructed patronymic of Beethoven — I-van-ovich, or another locally popular foreign musicians with the corresponding name of their father (Latin: Ioannes), as an in-joke (see also Silvio from Pushkin's 1831 short story The Shot).[24][25][26]

Notable portrayals
Fyodor Paramonov as Caliban in The Tempest, Maly Theatre, 1905

Other works

In the 1844 preface to his main work, World as Will and Representation, the philosopher Schopenhauer refers to Hegel as a "spiritual Caliban".

In the film Clash of the Titans, the main antagonist is a character based on Caliban named Kalibos, the evil son of the sea goddess Thetis, transformed by Zeus from a handsome man into a monster as punishment for his malevolence.

In the 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet, Caliban is re-imagined as "the Monster from the Id", a wild and violent monster that is invisible to the naked eye. The monster later turns out to be born of the subconscious of the film's Prospero character, Dr. Morbius, using the advanced technology of the Krell. Like Caliban, the monster ultimately rebels and attempts to kill its master. Captain Adams confronts Dr. Morbius with the fact that he is giving form to his subconscious, and his guilty conscience, from having brought it into existence, finally ends the monster's destructive rampage.

In John Fowles's 1963 novel The Collector, Miranda refers to her kidnapper as Caliban.

In J.G. Ballard's 1965 novel The Drought, Lomax refers to Quilter as his Caliban.

In the 1965 movie Doctor Zhivago, during the scene where Victor Komarovsky convinces Zhivago to allow him to rescue Lara by taking her to Vladivostok, Komarovsky refers to himself as a Caliban: "Do you accept the protection of this ignoble Caliban on any terms that Caliban cares to make?"

Caliban was the central character in James Clouser's rock ballet Caliban, a 90-minute adaptation of The Tempest that was scored with live performances by St. Elmo's Fire. The rock ballet was performed in Houston, Dallas, and Chicago in 1976 and 1977.[27][28]

Caliban is the name of a character from Marvel comics. He is an albino mutant who lives underground with the Morlocks.[29]

In the Swedish 1989 film The Journey to Melonia, an animated film loosely inspired by The Tempest, there is a character named Caliban, a creature whose face consists of mainly vegetables. Unlike Caliban in The Tempest, this Caliban is kind at heart, and even becomes a hero later in the film.

Played by Scottish Actor Michael Clark in Peter Greenway's 1990 Movie "Prosperos Books", with John Gielgud as Prospero. [30]

Caliban is the central character in two works of fiction that act as both re-tellings of and sequels to The Tempest: Caliban's Hour by Tad Williams (HarperCollins, 1994, ISBN 978-0061054136) and Rough Magic by Caryl Cude Mullin (Second City Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1897187630). In both works, Caliban is a more noble character and presented more as Prospero's victim rather than the villain in Shakespeare's play.

Caliban is a supporting character in Grace Tiffany's novel Ariel (HarperCollins, 2005, ISBN 978-0060753276), another re-telling of The Tempest; rather than having a monstrous shape, he grows up to be a handsome teenager, with his only deformity being a twisted left leg, and it is Ariel's cruel illusions and deceptions that make Prospero see him as a monster.

Caliban is featured as an antagonist in Dan Simmons' Ilium/Olympos duology (2003, 2005).

Rob Thurman's Cal Leandros series (first published 2006) centres around Caliban "Cal" Leandros, a half-human, half-Auphe (a nightmarish monster) hybrid who kills monsters for fun and cash in NYC with his human brother and their sleazy cohort, car-salesman Robin Goodfellow. This Cal struggles for control every day against his monster half, dealing with sarcasm and dark humor.

Caliban's War is the title of the second novel of The Expanse series, a space opera by James S. A. Corey.

The 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (directed by Danny Boyle) titled Isles of Wonder (a name inspired by The Tempest) was heavily influenced by The Tempest. The musical piece played during the torch lighting ceremony was entitled "Caliban's Dream", and Caliban's monologue from Act 3, Scene ii was quoted by Kenneth Branagh in character as Isambard Kingdom Brunel at the start of the Industrial Revolution set piece. "And I Will Kiss", the title of another specially commissioned track from the ceremony, is also a quote from The Tempest (2:2:148-149). These two songs also appeared on the ceremony's official soundtrack. The 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony also featured a recitation of the same monologue, this time by Timothy Spall playing Winston Churchill.

In the preface of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde muses: "The nineteenth century dislike of Realism is the rage of Caliban seeing his own face in a glass. The nineteenth century dislike of Romanticism is the rage of Caliban not seeing his own face in a glass."

In The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Caliban is a prince of Hell competing for Sabrina's throne, portrayed by Sam Corlett.

See also

References
  1. Hulme, P., ed. (2000). The Tempest and its Travels. London. p. xiii.
  2. Quoted in Hulme, P., ed. (2000). The Tempest and its Travels. London. p. xii.
  3. A Vaughan, Shakespeare’s Caliban (Cambridge 1991) p. 9
  4. A Vaughan, Shakespeare’s Caliban (Cambridge 1991) p. 10
  5. A Vaughan, Shakespeare’s Caliban (Cambridge 1991) p. 13-14
  6. Hulme, P., ed. (2000). The Tempest and its Travels. London. p. 100.
  7. Hulme, P., ed. (2000). The Tempest and its Travels. London. pp. 231–232.
  8. Ward, Adolphus William (1 January 1997). A History of English Dramatic Literature. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788171566860.
  9. "Caliban appears to be derived from the Gipsy cauliban, 'blackness'", in: K. E. Chambers, William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems, vol. 1. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1930, p. 494.
  10. Albert Kluyber, "Kalis and Calibon", in A. E. H. Swain (transl.), Englich studien XXI (1895): 326–28.
  11. John Holland, A Hystorical Survey of the Gypsies, London (printed for the author) 1816, p. 148.
  12. For the Romani word, see B.C. Smart and H. T. Crofton (eds.), The Dialect of the English Gypsies, 2nd ed., London 1875, p. 92.
  13. Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan (1993), Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History, Cambridge University Press, pp.33–34
  14. Vaughan, Alden T.; Vaughan, Virginia Mason (1993). Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.
  15. 32f Alden T. Vaughan, Virginia Mason Vaughan, Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History, Cambridge University Press, 1993
  16. "Russian – BGN/PCGN transliteration system". transliteration.com. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  17. Medinsky, Vladimir (2011). Особенности национального пиара [Peculiarities of the national PR] (in Russian). OLMA Media Group. p. 164. ISBN 9785373040495. Knyaz's English wife wasn't wasted
  18. "Набилка". graycell.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  19. "Калибан". поискслов.рф (in Russian). Search of Words. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  20. "N. Rimskij-Korsakov. Kaŝej Bessmertnyj". 100oper.ru (in Russian). Sto Oper. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  21. ""Nichego ne znayu luchshe…" …no ne "Appassionaty", a "Pateticheskoy". K 150-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V.I. Lenina" ["I don't know anything better… " but it's not Appassionata, it's Pathétique. To the 150th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin]. muzobozrenie.ru (in Russian). Muzykalnoye Obozreniye. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  22. Grinberg, Moisey (1928). "Lenin and Music". opentextnn.ru (in Russian). Muzyka i Revolyutsiya (journal). Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  23. "Repertoire: Boris Godunov / Synopsis". bolshoi.ru. Bolshoi Theatre. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  24. "Eva Polna - Madonna (Frozen) (Odin v Odin!)". One to One! (Russia), official YouTube channel (transcript translated to English). 28 August 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2019. I was worried, because in our country Madonna Ivanovna has a lot of fans
    • "Nash Lyudvig Ivanovich Betkhoven" [Our Ludwig Ivanovich Beethoven]. uznaika.com (in Russian). Uznaika. Retrieved 13 January 2021. Of course, he is not Ivanovich, although there really is a desire to make this patronymic from the prefix "van" in his name. But this prefix just means that his father Johann is from the Netherlands... In addition to the 9th Symphony and the Moonlight Sonata, there are also many very famous Beethoven works, and among them is the wonderful lieder Marmotte. From the point of view of very popular music, this is a perfect hit. It is no coincidence "Marmotte" is very often used as an instruction etude in musical schools [for children 7-13, 7 course years and 1 pre[aratory, 3089 schools in Russia, sometimes jokingly referenced as Hogwarts prototype because of Dmitry Shostakovich looks]
  25. "A ne zamakhnut'sya li nam na Vil'yama, ponimayete li, nashego Shekspira?" [Should we not try about William, you know, our Shakespeare?]. bibliotekar.ru (in Russian). Bibliotekar. Retrieved 13 January 2021. From the film Beware of the Car (1966)
  26. Brophy, Timothy S. (2019). "Kabalevsky's Method". The Oxford Handbook of Assessment Policy and Practice in Music Education, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190248116. However, the pedagogical and methodological side of Kabalevsky's legacy is far less known outside of former Soviet Union countries.
  27. Guthrie, Norie. "Wheatfield Biography". Houston Folk Music Archive.
  28. Shelton, Suzanne (August 1976). ""Caliban": James Clouser's "Tempest" in Houston". Dance Magazine.
  29. Caliban: Marvel comics
  30. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102722/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0
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