Californication (album)

Californication is the seventh studio album by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on June 8, 1999,[3] on Warner Bros. Records and was produced by Rick Rubin. Californication marked the return of John Frusciante, who had previously appeared on Mother's Milk and Blood Sugar Sex Magik, to replace Dave Navarro as the band's guitarist. Frusciante's return was credited with changing the band's sound altogether, producing a notable shift in style from the music recorded with Navarro. The album's subject material incorporated various sexual innuendos commonly associated with the band, but also contained more varied themes than previous outings, including death, contemplations of suicide, California, drugs, globalization, and travel.

For other uses, see Californication.
Californication
Studio album by
Red Hot Chili Peppers
ReleasedJune 8, 1999 (1999-06-08)
RecordedDecember 1998 – March 1999
StudioCello Studios, Los Angeles, California
Genre
Length56:24
LabelWarner Bros.
ProducerRick Rubin
Red Hot Chili Peppers chronology
Under the Covers: Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers
(1998)		 Californication
(1999)		 By the Way
(2002)
Red Hot Chili Peppers studio album chronology
One Hot Minute
(1995)		 Californication
(1999)		 By the Way
(2002)
Singles from Californication
  1. "Scar Tissue"
    Released: May 25, 1999
  2. "Around the World"
    Released: September 14, 1999
  3. "Otherside"
    Released: January 11, 2000
  4. "Californication"
    Released: May 20, 2000
  5. "Road Trippin'"
    Released: November 18, 2000
  6. "Parallel Universe"
    Released: March 24, 2001 (promotional)

Californication is the Chili Peppers' most commercially successful studio release internationally, with over 15 million copies sold worldwide,[4] and more than 7 million in the United States alone.[5] As of 2002, the album had sold over 4 million copies in Europe.[6] The record produced several hits for the band, including "Otherside", "Californication" and the Grammy Award-winning "Scar Tissue". Californication peaked at number three on the US Billboard 200.

The record marked a significant change in style for the band: Rolling Stone's Greg Tate noted that "while all previous Chili Peppers projects have been highly spirited, Californication dares to be spiritual and epiphanic".[7] Another critic, Billboard's Paul Verna, mentioned that the album brought out "the group's softer, melodic side", as opposed to their previous six albums.[8]

Background

The Red Hot Chili Peppers formed in 1984 as a funk-punk band. Guitarist John Frusciante joined in 1989 and recorded Blood Sugar Sex Magik with the band, their breakthrough album. After Frusciante left in 1992,[9] Dave Navarro was hired, incorporating elements of heavy metal and psychedelic rock on the 1995 album One Hot Minute.[10] The album sold only half as many copies as Blood Sugar Sex magic,[10][11][12] and Navarro left in early 1998.[13]

In the years following his departure, Frusciante became addicted to heroin and cocaine, leaving him in poverty and near death.[14] Friends convinced him to enter drug rehabilitation in January 1998.[15] In April, at the end of Frusciante's rehabilitation, bassist Flea visited him and invited him to rejoin the band. Within the week, reunited for the first time in six years, the band gathered to play and jump-started the newly reunited Red Hot Chili Peppers.[16] Frusciante pushed for the group to change their "funk-punk" sound and become more of a "mellow-progressive rock act" for Californication.[17]

Composition

Much of the album was written in the band members' homes in the summer of 1998. Kiedis and Frusciante spent days together discussing song creation, guitar riffs and lyricals. Bass and percussion were constructed through jam sessions and the work of Flea and drummer Chad Smith.[18]

Most of the material and lyrics throughout the songs in the album came from the "personal and professional turmoil" that different members of the band went through/were currently going through at the time. This resulted in the "sensitive approach that one might not expect from a band whose followers are skate-punks and fraternity boys". Anthony Kiedis's main point behind this album was to "tell tales of wandering souls who've lost their way searching for the American dream in California".

Californication's lyrics were derived from Anthony Kiedis' ideas, outlooks, and perceptions of life and its meaning. "Porcelain" resulted from Kiedis' meeting with a young single mother at the YMCA, who was attempting to battle her heroin addiction while living with her infant daughter in Los Angeles during the summer of 1998.[19] Regarding the meeting that inspired the song, Kiedis said in 1999, "[the] Mum’s in a haze, strung out on heroin, but the little girl’s this beaming-wide sunball of an angel. The woman loves her daughter, but the juxtaposition of their energies is profound."[20] Kiedis also had a love interest in Yohanna Logan, a fashion designer whom Kiedis met while she was working in New York City. Kiedis involvement with Logan influenced his multiple examinations of love throughout Californication, in songs such as "This Velvet Glove."[21][20] Sarcasm was a concept that Kiedis had dealt with in the past, and he ultimately crafted a song around it. He was inspired by former bandmate Dave Navarro, whom he considered to be the "King of Sarcasm".[22] Frusciante approached the guitar line present in "Scar Tissue" as an attempt to use two notes that are played far apart, but produce a "cool rhythm".[23] He had explored this technique on his first solo album, 1994's Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt. Frusciante considers "Scar Tissue" to be a "very simple example of the technique, but I think it's a style that sounds like me". The guitarist made use of slide guitar-playing for the solos in the song.[23] "Emit Remmus" was inspired by Kiedis' brief relationship with Melanie C of the Spice Girls.[24]

"Get on Top", a song which contains significant use of a wah pedal, was formed after a jam session conducted shortly after Frusciante had listened to Public Enemy: "I came up with [the rhythm to the song] on the way to rehearsal—just tapping it out with my foot."[23] The understated guitar solo played in the middle of the song was originally intended to be more noticeable, according to Frusciante, who was playing screaming guitar solos. He changed his thought process after listening to Steve Howe's guitar solo on Yes' "Siberian Khatru": "the band sounded really big—and they're playing really fast—and then this clean guitar solo comes out over on top. It's really beautiful, like it's on its own sort of shelf. For 'Get On Top' I wanted to play something that contrasted between the solo and the background."[23] "Savior", a song found towards the end of the album, features heavy effects, most notably an Electro-Harmonix Micro Synth with 16-second delay.[23] Frusciante notes that the sound is "directly inspired by Eric Clapton's playing in Cream. If you listen to the actual notes, they're like a Clapton solo—they just don't sound like it because of the effects."[23]

The hit "Around the World", which harkens back to the Chili Peppers' funk-influenced sound, was constructed by Frusciante at his home. The rhythm and beat, however, are intricate; this required him to play the song with the rest of the band rather than alone for them to understand it.[23] The bass lick was composed in "maybe 15 minutes," according to Frusciante: "Flea is the best bass player in the world. His sense of timing and the way he thinks is so crazy."[23] The title track of the album was among the most difficult for the band to complete. Frusciante felt compelled to write an appropriate guitar ensemble that would appropriately complement the poignant lyrical content, but encountered difficulty.[25] The song was barely making progress, and would have been scrapped had it not been for Kiedis' urgency to include it on the album. Frusciante completed the final riff two days before recording, after drawing inspiration from The Cure's soundtrack song to "Carnage Visors".[23][25] The title track was intended to represent Californian lifestyles and, more specifically, the "fake" nature which is associated with much of Hollywood. It references Kurt Cobain of Nirvana and uses considerable imagery to capture the evocative nature of California.[25]

The record was a change of style for the Chili Peppers, especially compared to their previous album, One Hot Minute, which combined various elements of heavy metal and psychedelic rock. Although Californication still contains some funk rock songs (such as "Around the World", "Get on Top", "I Like Dirt", "Purple Stain" and "Right on Time"), it leaned towards more melodic riffs (for example, "Scar Tissue" and "Otherside") and focused on songs with implemented structure rather than jams.[26]

Outtakes

The album featured a few outtakes that didn't appear on the studio album. "Gong Li" and "Instrumental #1" were released on the "Scar Tissue" single. The instrumental "Teatro Jam" was released on the "Around the World" single while "How Strong" was featured on the "Otherside" single. "Instrumental #2" was released on a bonus disc for the album. In 2006, iTunes exclusively released "Fat Dance," "Over Funk" and "Quixoticelixer" along with the album for download. "Slowly, Deeply" an instrumental track, would later be released as a b-side to the "Universally Speaking" single in 2003, while "Bunker Hill" would be re-worked on during the band's Greatest Hits sessions in 2003 and released on the "Fortune Faded" single that same year.

In August and September 2014, unreleased demos from 1998 were leaked to the internet. Many of the demos were of songs that made the final album or released as b-sides; however, some were different from the final album version with the most notable differences being a reggae influenced version of the title track with different lyrics and a very different vocal melody, a version of "Scar Tissue" with a longer intro, a slower version of "Purple Stain" with added lyrics and different chorus, "Porcelain Alice", the original version of "Porcelain" with different lyrics, an instrumental version of 'Quixoticelixer' (with the working title "New Wave Song"), "How Strong Is Your Love", the original version of "How Strong" and the original demos for "Fat Dance" and "Bunker Hill" (originally titled "These Are Not My Dreams of Bunker Hill"). The leaked demos also included never before heard songs such as "Plate of Brown", "Tellin' a Lie", "Mommason", "Andaman & Nicobar", "Boatman", "Sugar Sugar" and "Trouble in the Pub". In February 2015, a collection of rough mixes of outtakes from the Californication sessions was leaked. This group of songs, which were recorded on April 21, 1999 at The Village Studio, contains a version of "Trouble in the Pub" with vocals along with "Blondie", a song Frusciante mentioned in an interview as an album outtake however the song turns out only to be a rough mix of "Instrumental #2". An unmastered mix of the album also exists that features alternate versions of some songs, such as extended endings ("Easily"), extra verses ("Savior"), alternate choruses ("Around the World") and different guitar mixes ("How Strong").[27]

Promotion and release

Rick Rubin had produced their two previous albums. However, the Chili Peppers decided to look for other producers for Californication,[28] and unsuccessfully approached David Bowie.[29] The Chili Peppers remained with Rubin.[28] Rubin had, in the past, granted the Chili Peppers creative freedom on their recording material; this was something they thought necessary for the album to be unique, and could only occur with his return.[30] Recording took place at Cello Studios in Los Angeles. In early 1999, following the recording process, the band played "Scar Tissue", "Otherside", and "Californication" to their managers, and it was decided that "Scar Tissue" would be the lead single for the album.[31] To support their reunited line-up, the band played various proms across the country to promote Californication.[31] It sprouted a competition, which called upon high school students to write essays on "how they could make their schools better, safer, happier, more rocking places, so that they didn't have to go to school afraid. If you wrote the essay, you got a free ticket to the show."[31]

Californication was released on June 8, 1999 by Warner Bros. Records. It was originally going to be simultaneously released on the same day as another similarly titled Warner Bros. album, Mr. Bungle's California. The latter album was delayed following objections from the Chili Peppers camp.[32]

It reached number 3 on the Billboard 200 chart. In Europe, the album peaked at number 5 on the UK Top 40, number 1 on the Finnish, Austrian, Swedish and New Zealand charts, and number 2 on the Top 40 of France and The Netherlands. It was certified gold just over a month later, on July 22, 1999, and its continuing sales have resulted in it being certified seven-times platinum.[33][34] In March 2006, the Red Hot Chili Peppers' albums were made available to purchase on the iTunes Music Store.[35] Albums bought there included new previously unreleased tracks ("Fat Dance", "Over Funk", and "Quixoticelixer").\

Commercial performance

In the United States the album debuted and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 the week of June 26, 1999 with 189,000 copies sold.[36] The next week it dropped to number seven and it was present on the chart for one hundred one weeks.[37] It was certified six times platinum by the RIAA on June 28, 2016 for shipments of six millions.[38]

In the United Kingdom it debuted and peaked at number five on June 16, 1999, the next week it fell off to number seven; the album remained on the chart for one hundred sixty nine weeks.[39] It was certified four times platinum by the BPI on September 2, 2016 denoting shipments of one million two hundred thousand units.[40]

In Germany, it was the band's best-selling album, staying on the Media Control Charts for 114 weeks (more than 2 years) and selling more than 750,000 copies, reaching 3× Gold.[41]

Critical reception and legacy
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[42]
Entertainment WeeklyB+[26]
The Guardian[43]
Los Angeles Times[44]
Mojo[45]
NME6/10[46]
Pitchfork6.8/10[47]
Q[48]
Rolling Stone[7]
Uncut[49]

Californication received favorable reviews in contrast to its less popular predecessor, One Hot Minute, and it was a greater success worldwide.[42] Rolling Stone credited Kiedis for his drastically improved vocals: "[his] vocal cords have apparently been down to some crossroads and over the rehab, and returned with heretofore unheard-of range, body, pitch, soulfulness, and melodic sensibility."[7] Songs such as "Otherside" and "Porcelain" were called "Pumpkins-esque", while the album as a whole was "epiphanal" and the "RHCP furthermuckers are now moving toward funk's real Holy Grail: that salty marriage of esoteric mythology and insatiable musicality that salvages souls, binds communities and heals the sick."[7] Other critics credited the album's success to the return of Frusciante. AllMusic's Greg Prato said that the "obvious reason for [the band's] rebirth is the reappearance of guitarist John Frusciante", considering him to be the "quintessential RHCP guitarist".[42] The album as a whole was "a bona fide Chili Peppers classic".[42] Entertainment Weekly also credits Frusciante with transforming the band's sound into a "more relaxed, less grating, and, in their own way, more introspective album than ever before".[26] Mark Woodlief of Ray Gun commented that "'This Velvet Glove' strikes an intricate balance between a lush acoustic guitar foundation and anthemic rock," Woodlief continued "the disco intro to 'Parallel Universe' gives way to a scorching Western giddy-up motif in the chorus, and Frusciante's Hendrix-like excursions at the song's close."[50]

While many critics found the band's new sound refreshing, NME criticized the Chili Peppers for rarely using their trademark funk sound, asking: "Can we have our brain-dead, half-dressed funk-hop rock animals back now, please? All this false empathy is starting to make my removed rib tingle."[51] Pitchfork, while considering the album a triumph over One Hot Minute, felt Californication lacked the funk that was ever-present in Blood Sugar Sex Magik.[47] It went on to scrutinize some lyrics for being overly sexual, but also considered Frusciante to be "the best big-time American rock guitarist going right now".[47] Critic Robert Christgau gave the album a one-star honorable mention (), describing the band as "New Age fuck fiends" and citing "Scar Tissue" and "Purple Stain" as highlights.[52]

Over the years, Californication has maintained its popularity. "Scar Tissue" won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 2000.[53]

In 2003, Rolling Stone released their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list with Californication ranking at 399.[54] In 2012, a revised list was released with Californication falling to 401.[55] In 2020, Rolling Stone again released a revised version of their list with Californication placing much higher at 286.[56]

In 2006, the Chili Peppers recorded a five-set playlist for AOL Sessions that included "Scar Tissue" and "Californication".[57][58][59] The album produced many staple hits for the Chili Peppers; five of the sixteen songs on their Greatest Hits album were taken from Californication.[60]

Waveform of bootlegged "unmastered" version of "Otherside" (top) versus waveform of original CD release version (bottom), showing difference in volume levels.

The album received criticism for what Tim Anderson of The Guardian called "excessive compression and distortion" in the process of digital mastering.[61] Stylus Magazine labeled it as one of the victims of the loudness war and commented that it suffered from digital clipping so much that "even non-audiophile consumers complained about it".[62] An early, alternately mastered version of the album with a different track listing and mixing, probably a pre-release candidate, has been circulated on the internet.[63]

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Californication, a limited edition 2 LP picture disc version of the album was released on September 13, 2019.[64]

Accolades

The information regarding accolades attributed to Californication is adapted from AcclaimedMusic.net[59]

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Robert Dimery United States 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die[65] 2005 *
Rolling Stone United States The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time[58] 2012 401
Classic Rock & Metal Hammer United Kingdom "The 200 Greatest Albums of the 90s"[66] 2006 *
Mojo United Kingdom "The 100 Greatest Albums of Our Time 1993–2006"[67] 2006 89
Rolling Stone Germany "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"[68] 2005 189
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States "The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time"[69] 2007 92
Platendraaier The Netherlands "Top 30 Albums of the 90s"[70] 2015 4
* denotes an unranked list

Tour
Main article: Californication tour

Immediately following the release of Californication, the band embarked on a world tour to support the record, beginning in the United States. To culminate the US leg of their tour, the Chili Peppers were asked to close Woodstock '99, which became infamous for the resulting violence.[71][72] The band was informed minutes before arriving that the crowds and bonfires in the fields had gone out of control.[71] When the Chili Peppers performed a tribute to Jimi Hendrix's song "Fire" to finish their set as a favor to Hendrix's sister, the disruption escalated into violence when several women, who had been crowd surfing and moshing, were raped and nearby property was looted and destroyed.[73][74][75][76] Kiedis felt that "It was clear that this situation had nothing to do with Woodstock any more. It wasn't symbolic of peace and love, but of greed and cashing in ... We woke up to papers and radio stations vilifying us for playing 'Fire'."[74]

To kick off the band's European tour, the band staged a free show in Moscow's Red Square, on August 14, 1999, to a crowd of over 200,000.[77] Kiedis recalled the situation: "Red Square was so filled with wall-to-wall Russians that we needed a police escort to get near the stage."[77] Following the European leg, the group did a show in New York City, at the Windows on the World, for KROQ radio contest-winners, and then at the Big Day Out festival in Australia following several Japanese tour dates.[78] Flea, however, began to feel the repercussions of touring causing the band to set up concerts that were less strenuous, and consequently less financially rewarding, for them. These shows would finish the remainder of the Californication tour.[79] As one of the last shows before the release of their next album By the Way, the Chili Peppers played at Rock in Rio 3 in Rio de Janeiro.[80]

Track listing

All tracks are written by Red Hot Chili Peppers (Flea, John Frusciante, Anthony Kiedis, Chad Smith).

No.TitleLength
1."Around the World"3:58
2."Parallel Universe"4:30
3."Scar Tissue"3:37
4."Otherside"4:15
5."Get on Top"3:18
6."Californication"5:21
7."Easily"3:51
8."Porcelain"2:43
9."Emit Remmus"4:00
10."I Like Dirt"2:37
11."This Velvet Glove"3:45
12."Savior"4:52
13."Purple Stain"4:13
14."Right on Time"1:52
15."Road Trippin'"3:25
Japanese CD Bonus Track
No.TitleLength
16."Gong Li"3:44
iTunes Digital Bonus Tracks
No.TitleLength
16."Fat Dance"3:40
17."Over Funk"2:58
18."Quixoticelixer"4:48
Australian edition & Japanese CD reissue bonus disc
No.TitleLength
1."Gong Li"3:44
2."How Strong"4:43
3."Instrumental #2"2:34

    Personnel

    Charts

    Certifications and sales
    Region CertificationCertified units/sales
    Argentina (CAPIF)[144] 3× Platinum 180,000^
    Australia (ARIA)[145] 8× Platinum 560,000^
    Austria (IFPI Austria)[146] 2× Platinum 100,000*
    Belgium (BEA)[147] Platinum 50,000*
    Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[148] 2× Platinum 500,000*
    Canada (Music Canada)[149] 6× Platinum 600,000^
    Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[150] Platinum 62,365[150]
    France (SNEP)[151] 2× Gold 458,500[152]*
    Germany (BVMI)[153] 3× Gold 750,000^
    Italy (FIMI)[154]
    sales since 2009     		Platinum 50,000*
    Japan (RIAJ)[155] Platinum 200,000^
    Mexico (AMPROFON)[156] Platinum 150,000^
    Netherlands (NVPI)[157] 2× Platinum 200,000^
    New Zealand (RMNZ)[158] 8× Platinum 120,000^
    Norway (IFPI Norway)[159] Gold 25,000*
    Poland (ZPAV)[160] Platinum 100,000*
    Spain (PROMUSICAE)[161] Platinum 100,000^
    Sweden (GLF)[162] 2× Platinum 160,000^
    Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[163] 2× Platinum 100,000^
    United Kingdom (BPI)[164] 4× Platinum 1,200,000^
    United States (RIAA)[38] 6× Platinum 6,000,000^
    Summaries
    Europe (IFPI)[165] 4× Platinum 4,500,000[166]

    *sales figures based on certification alone
    ^shipments figures based on certification alone

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    Bibliography
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    • Kiedis, Anthony and Larry Sloman. Scar Tissue. New York, NY: Hyperion, 2004. ISBN 1-4013-0101-0.
    • Larkin, Colin. Red Hot Chili Peppers - Californication." Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 4th ed. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 27 Sep. 2016.

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