Calliophis bivirgatus

Calliophis bivirgatus
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Elapidae
Genus:	Calliophis
Species:	C. bivirgatus
Binomial name
	Calliophis bivirgatus; (F. Boie, 1827)
Synonyms
	Elaps bivirgatus F. Boie, 1827; Callophis bivirgata — Günther, 1864; Adeniophis (Callophis) bivirgatus — Stoliczka, 1873; Adeniophis bivirgatus ; — Boettger, 1887; Doliophis bivirgatus ; — Boulenger, 1896; Maticora bivirgata ; — Stejneger, 1922; Calliophis bivirgatus ; — Slowinski et al. 2001;

Calliophis bivirgatus is a species of snake in the family Elapidae known commonly as the blue coral snake[1] or blue Malayan coral snake.[2][3] It is native to Southeast Asia.[1]

Geographic range and distribution

This terrestrial snake occurs in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,[1] and Burma.[3] It lives at 100 to 1100 meters in elevation.[1]

There are three subspecies:[3]

C. b. bivirgatus – Indonesia
C. b. flaviceps – Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Burma
C. b. tetrataenia – Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei

Description

This species was assigned to the new world coral snake genus Maticora until phylogenetic studies revealed this species to be nested within the tropical coral snake species clade Calliophis and sister species to Calliophis intestinalis, the banded Malaysian coral snake.[4]

This is a medium-sized coral snake with a slender body. The adult can reach 1.8 meters long. It has a red head, tail and belly. The back is dark blue to black in color, and it usually has a large blue[2] or white stripe on each flank.[5]

The snake, especially when juvenile, is often confused with the pink-headed reed snake (Calamaria schlegeli) as they share similar habitat and appearance. But the latter is much smaller, reaching a maximum length of 50 cm (20 in). The reed snake is nonvenomous, while the coral snake is potentially lethal.[2][3] They also are very similar to another venomous snake, the red-headed krait (Bungarus flaviceps).

Biology

This uncommon snake is considered semi-fossorial and is found in the leaf litter of primary and secondary forests.[1] It preys on other snakes. When threatened it usually flees, but it may remain in place with its red tail erect as a defensive message.[2]

Venom

Blue coral snake venom has only occasionally caused human deaths.[6] This species has unusually long venom glands, extending to 25% of the length of the body.[6] Unlike other snakes of the family Elapidae, its venom does not contain a neurotoxin.[6] The toxic element is instead a unique cytotoxin called calliotoxin[7] that causes near instantaneous paralysis by blocking the victims sodium channels. Phosphodiesterases promote the release of adenosine, which causes hypotension, inflammation, and neurotransmitter blockade in prey items and other bite victims.[6] This ability is especially important as their prey consists mostly of other venomous snakes. There is no known antidote, though there is hope that the venom may eventually prove useful in the management of chronic pain in humans.[8]

References

Grismer, L. & Chan-Ard, T. 2012. Calliophis bivirgata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 February 2016.
Calliophis bivirgatus. Ecologyasia. 2016.
Calliophis bivirgata. Reptile Database.
J. B. Slowinski, J. Boundy and R. Lawson. 2001. The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica 57(2) 233-245
Coral snakes: colors, bites, farts, and facts. Livescience. 16 December 2014.
Tan, C. H., et al. (2015). Unveiling the elusive and exotic: Venomics of the Malayan blue coral snake (Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps). Journal of Proteomics 132, 1.
Josh Hrala (1 November 2016). "Blue coral snake venom is ridiculously potent and causes instant paralysis". Business Insider.
"The Venom From This Beautiful Snake Will Murder You Horribly". ScienceAlert. ScienceAlert. Retrieved 29 July 2019.